For example, the risk of skin cancer and biodiversity Patient damage from ozone depletion Cause over the Arctic Location ; [XYZ 1EUROPAENV 0 TK 08/06/2012 ]

Furthermore, severe winters Cause frost Result damage even to dormant vegetation Patient , thus restricting the cultivation of over-wintering crops, such as winter wheat, on the Prairies and in other similarly affected areas. [XYZ 5CANADAICC 0 TK MCLH 08/06/2012 ]

Increased Degree crop Patient damage from droughts, from floods, and from storms Cause could make famines not only more frequent but far more difficult to deal with. [XYZ 2CANADACCD9801 0 TK 08/06/2012 ]

Greater use of pesticides and herbicides in response to new pest species Cause may lead to damage to existing plant and animal communities, to water quality, and to human health Patient . [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 TK MCLH 08/06/2012 ]

According to the general principles of customary international law, States can exercise their sovereignty in their territories and could therefore engage in activities such as the storage of CO2 (both geological and ocean) in those areas under their jurisdiction. However, if storage has a transboundary impact, States have the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control Cause do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas Patient beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. [XYZ CHANG 5IPCCDYOXYDE 0 TK MCLH 08/06/2012 ]

water acidification caused by the dissolution of CO2 threatens the chemical balance of the ocean 's superficial layer. This phenomenon Cause could cause damage to marine ecosystems Patient . [XYZ CHANG NEWCOURIER2005 0 TK MCLH 08/06/2012 ]

Losses of coastal land and biodiversity (including coral reefs, mangrove ecosystems, estuarine wetlands, and marine mammals and birds), damage to infrastructure Patient , and saltwater intrusion resulting from sea-level rise could occur in low-lying coasts and estuaries in countries such as those of the Central American isthmus, Venezuela, Argentina and Uruguay. [XYZ 7IPCCREGION 0 TK 08/06/2012 ]

Finally, damage to ecosystems and human health Patient is sometimes the results of several of these stresses acting together. [XYZ 5CANADAICC 0 TK 08/06/2012 ]

Reduced-impact harvesting minimizes disturbance to soil and damage to the remaining vegetation Patient and will, in most cases, have positive environmental benefits regarding biodiversity, recreation, and landscape management. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 TK 08/06/2012 ]

In addition, long-term Time damage to agricultural land and groundwater supplies Patient , which provide about 30 % of the water supply in the UK, would occur in some areas due to salt water infiltration. [XYZ ENCY 0 TK 08/06/2012 ]

In the case of the greenhouse effect, the environmental Patient damage depends only on the overall amount of the emissions, the site of the emission being irrelevant, hence the logic of trading among countries, even if they are separated by long distances. [XYZ JACLET 0 TK MCLH 08/06/2012 ]

Increases in the intensity of heavy precipitation events and region-specific changes in the frequency of tropical cyclones would affect ecosystems due to flooding, storm surges, and wind Cause damage . [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 TK 08/06/2012 ]

Regardless of how global warming affects either the frequency or the intensity of hurricanes, the risk of accompanying flood Cause damage will almost certainly be accentuated by rising sea levels. [XYZ 2CANADACCD9801 0 TK 09/06/2012 ]

Since these ecosystems protect coastlines from storm Cause damage , their collapse would further aggravate the vulnerability of coastal infrastructure and ecosystems to such damage. [XYZ 5CANADAICC 0 TK 08/06/2012 ]

Vulnerability is defined as the extent to which a natural or social system is susceptible to sustaining damage from climate change Cause . [XYZ 7IPCCREGION 0 TK 08/06/2012 ]

Elevated seawater temperatures (above seasonal maxima) Cause can seriously Degree damage corals Patient by bleaching Method and also impair their reproductive functions, and lead to increased mortality. [XYZ 7IPCCREGION 0 TK DMT MCLH 05/11/2012 ]

These are all signs of accelerating climate change - or global warming, as it is sometimes known. If we don't take action to stop it, it Cause is going to damage the world we live in Patient , and alter the ways of life we now take for granted. [XYZ CLIMATECHANGEYOUTH 0 TK DMT 05/11/2012 ]

A shift in climatic zones not only affects the vegetation but also affects the incidence of tree pests such as insects and diseases. These pests Cause have less difficulty in migrating with their climatic zones than vegetation and may damage tree species with lower immunity Patient . [XYZ ENCY 0 TK DMT 05/11/2012 ]

changes in frozen ground (in particular, ice-rich permafrost) Cause will damage some vulnerable Arctic infrastructure Patient (see WGII, Chapter 28), and could substantially alter the carbon budget through the release of methane (see Chapter 6). [XYZ WG1AR5OW 0 MCLH 18/03/2014 ]

Exposure to such pollutants Cause exacerbates respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, harms plants and damages buildings Patient . [XYZ WG1AR5HS 0 MCLH 18/03/2014 ]

Trees absorb carbon and so reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Cutting them down without replacing them Cause therefore not only damages our natural habitat Patient but also aggravates climate change. [XYZ 1EUROPAENV 0 TK DMT 05/11/2012 ]

Always make sure that an animal Patient is actually dead before handling or capturing it. [XYZ HANDLING_MANUAL_ESA 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

Over 33,000 dead birds Patient were recovered, and many sea otters, seals, sea lions, and other marine mammals, as well as many fish, were killed. [XYZ BERTA_CH15_EXPLandCONS 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

Interviews with local fishermen in 2007 indicated that a gillnet fishery for dogfish was known to incidentally catch sturgeon, and that fishery occurred off Chincoteague Island, VA, where more than 30 dead Atlantic sturgeon Patient were found (Virginia Marine Police and Virginia Marine Resources Commission, pers. comm.). [XYZ FWS_ENDANGERED_THREATENED_WILDLIFE_PLANTS_V75 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

You should not pick up a dead eagle Patient since it may have been poisoned. [XYZ Endangered_and_Threatened_Species_of_Utah 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

Never handle a dead Massasauga Patient with your hands. Use a broom or sticks to place it into a container with a secure lid (not a bag). [XYZ HANDLING_MANUAL_ESA 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

In 2004, the theory gained additional support when, for the first time, scientists found the remains of at least five sea otters in the stomach of a dead killer whale that washed ashore in Prince William Sound Patient . [XYZ OTTERS_ORCAS 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

When a member of the herd dies, other members “grieve” over the loss, covering the dead elephant Patient with leaves and twigs and staying by the grave for hours. [XYZ GALE_ENCYCLOPEDIA 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

Several other tributaries to the Brazos River that historically contained Texas fawnsfoot appear to no longer support the species after numerous surveys reveal no living or dead individuals Patient , including the Leon River (Howells 1994, pp. 18–20; 1997a, pp. 19–20), the Little River (Howells 1997a, pp. 22–23), the San Gabriel River (Howells 1997a, p. 23), and Yegua Creek (Howells 1997a, pp. 24, 25–26; 1999, p. 14; 2001, p. 22; 2004, p. 6). [XYZ FWS_ENDANGERED_THREATENED_WILDLIFE_PLANTS 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

You should not pick up a dead falcon Patient since it may have been poisoned. [XYZ Endangered_and_Threatened_Species_of_Utah 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

The following materials must be used for the handling and transport of dead species at risk Patient : [XYZ HANDLING_MANUAL_ESA 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

The extirpation of the Georgia Depression population of Western Bluebirds from the San Juan Islands was driven primarily by the declining availability of a specific habitat element—nest cavities—through the conversion of oak woodlands to agricultural lands and through management practices that removed large dead trees Patient . [XYZ VAINO_CH4_GARRY_OAK 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

However, for the purpose of this discussion, we will follow the definitions of Hofman (1991), using the term “beached” to refer to any dead marine mammal Patient that washes up on shore, and “stranded” to refer more restrictively only to live cetaceans or sirenians that swim onto or are unintentionally trapped onshore by waves or receding tides. [XYZ BERTA_CH15_EXPLandCONS 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

Surveys throughout the upper Colorado River between 1993 and 2009 yielded no evidence of Texas fawnsfoot (Howells 1994, pp. 20–21, 29; 1996, pp. 20–21, 23; 1997a, pp. 27, 31, 34–35; 1998, p. 10; 2000a, p. 27; 2002a, p. 6; 2004, p. 7; Burlakova and Karatayev 2010a, p. 16), except for one recently Time dead individual Patient found in 1999 in San Saba County when the entire river was dewatered and all mussels were eliminated from the area (Howells 2000a, pp. 25–26; 2009, p. 17). [XYZ FWS_ENDANGERED_THREATENED_WILDLIFE_PLANTS 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

Since brown hyenas feed on carrion (decaying flesh of dead animals Patient ), this last view is utterly false. [XYZ GALE_ENCYCLOPEDIA 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

Dead species at risk Patient that are encountered should be reported to the MNR as soon as possible. It is possible that the Ministry will request that the individual be stored and/or transported to the MNR. [XYZ HANDLING_MANUAL_ESA 0 MCLH 06/09/2024 ]

However, the more likely effect of turbines is injury and death of Atlantic sturgeon Patient as a result of being struck by the turbine blades Cause . [XYZ FWS_ENDANGERED_THREATENED_WILDLIFE_PLANTS_V75 0 MCLH 05/09/2024 ]

Conservation Park, extraordinarily high nesting temperatures Cause have caused the death of eggs and hatchlings Patient [XYZ WWF_CRITICAL_MARINE_HABITAT 0 MCLH 05/09/2024 ]

Fecundity and recruitment are reduced through direct disturbance to courtship and reproductive behaviors; disruption and displacement from preferred breeding sites; increased predation and accidental Manner death of offspring Patient through human disturbance Cause ; and various indirect effects [22]. [XYZ Ecotourism3Survival 0 MCLH 05/09/2024 ]

Chemicals (such as pesticides) used around wetlands can lead to illness, deformities, and sometimes death of frogs Patient . [XYZ ALBERTA_SPECIES_AT_RISK_GUIDE 0 MCLH 05/09/2024 ]

Because prescribed burning could result in the death or injury of individual toads Patient , landowners are advised to contact the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for further information concerning prescribed burning in Houston Toad habitat. [XYZ Endangered_and_Threatened_Animals_Texas 0 MCLH 05/09/2024 ]

Because we know that copper contamination in water can lead to death of mussels Patient , we conclude that the copper may be adversely affecting Texas fatmucket. [XYZ FWS_ENDANGERED_THREATENED_WILDLIFE_PLANTS 0 MCLH 05/09/2024 ]

Trapping devastated popula-protect lynx habitat and if state agencies tions of lynx and other native carnivores adopt and implement programs to minimize Habitat loss, degradation, fragmentation and accidental Manner lynx Patient deaths. [XYZ ESA_30yrs 0 MCLH 05/09/2024 ]

Since the project’s inception, depredation at night in the villages has been eliminated (although livestock is still vulnerable to lions if not closely monitored while out grazing during the day). In the same period, the number of lions killed by people has dropped from at least 20 in 2013, before the corrals were built, to one in 2015, and no lion Patient deaths to date in 2016. [XYZ LION REPORT 0 MCLH 05/09/2024 ]

For example, in the 1990s, railroad car collisions on the Burlington Northern-Santa Fe railroad line Cause caused the deaths of thirteen grizzlies feeding on a large grain spill in Marias Pass, just south of GNP Patient . [XYZ GUERCIO_OhMy 0 MCLH 05/09/2024 ]

This illegal fishing method accounts for about one-half of the known Chinese river dolphin Patient deaths. [XYZ GALE_ENCYCLOPEDIA 0 MCLH 05/09/2024 ]

The world’s seas and oceans are subjected to different kinds of threats of which the accumulation of anthropogenic Agent debris is a major and worldwide problem that has been an environmental concern for decades. [XYZ 75-deep-sea-sediments 0 MCLH 25/05/2017 ]

The calculation is more difficult in the case of forests subject to periodic selective logging because of variation in the proportion of the biomass in a logged-over forest Patient which remains intact or is dead and left to decay. [XYZ DEFPAPUA 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Oil is formed from the remains of marine microorganisms (microscopic animals and plants) deposited on the sea floor. As they accumulate over millions of years they gradually infiltrate the microscopic cavities of the sea floor sediment and rock where they Patient decay. [XYZ ENCY 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Regrowth restores carbon to the forest and the (hypothetical) forest stand is harvested every 40 years, with some litter Patient left on the ground to decay, and products accumulate or are disposed of in landfills. [XYZ 8IPCCATTENUATION 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Deprived of oxygen, fish and other life forms Patient die and decay, leaving putrid, poisonous water. [XYZ PANACEA 11099 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

CO2 is then released during the autumn and winter when some of the vegetation Patient dies and decays. [XYZ PANACEA 6491 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

The process begins with an accelerated growth of algae with the end result being that oxygen in the water is depleted as plant matter Patient decays, killing fish and shellfish. [XYZ PANACEA 26562 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Like oxbow lakes, the tend to become more acidic with time as vegetation Patient decays. [XYZ PANACEA 2438 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

When the plants Patient die and decay at the end of the growing season, protozoa and other microorganisms coat the dead plant material. [XYZ PANACEA 23936 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

But it is also released back into the air when plants and animals respire, when organisms Patient decay, or when any organic material is burned (such as in burning of forests, either accidentally or purposely). [XYZ PANACEA 23310 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

As the wet plant material Patient decays, it generates heat that is retained in the nest cavity, keeping the young warm when their mother is absent. [XYZ PANACEA 20966 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

When a tree dies or the wood Patient decays then CO2 is again returned to the atmosphere. [XYZ PANACEA 28319 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Most non-fire biomass Patient decays quickly Manner , creating greenhouse gases and raising the acidity of ground water which leaches into lakes and rivers Result . [XYZ PANACEA 24806 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Woody material, often referred to as coarse woody debris Patient , decays relatively slowly Manner in many forests Location in comparison to most other organic materials Reference , due to a combination of environmental factors and wood chemistry (see lignin ) Cause . [XYZ PANACEA 22520 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

And as this biomass Patient dies and decays, it contributes to the soil, and that addition of organic matter to the soil builds the soil vertically. [XYZ PANACEA 13346 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

The garbage Patient is dumped in what looks like an old quarry and has been left open to decay making it a significant health hazard. [XYZ PANACEA 10619 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

When the forest cover is removed, the soil Patient decays, releasing additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere over the following months, years, and even decades Result [XYZ PANACEA 8780 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

This waste Patient decays slowly Manner over long periods of time Duration , which increases the risk that it may escape into the environment. [XYZ PANACEA 5520 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

In turn it is released into the air by plant and animal respiration, decay of dead biomass and soil organic matter Patient , outgassing from water surfaces, and combustion. [XYZ 5CANADAICC 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Other natural sources of carbon dioxide include volcanic eruptions, decay of dead plant and animal matter Patient , evaporation from the oceans and respiration (breathing). [XYZ ENCY 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

The fractions of biomass converted are 0.2 from initial forest biomass burned, 0.008 annual rate from decay of wood removed from the site for a 10-year period Patient , and 0.07 initial annual rate with an exponential decrease in time from the decay of biomass left as slash. [XYZ DEFDETER 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Methanogenesis is the final step in the decay of organic matter Patient . [XYZ PANACEA 22788 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Coal is a solid fuel formed over millions of years by the decay of land vegetation Patient . [XYZ ENCY 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Methane (CH4) is produced naturally by the decay of organic matter Patient in the absence of oxygen. [XYZ 5CANADAICC 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

The researchers, Janet R. Lensing and David H. Wise, studied the process of leaf Patient decay in hardwood forests in central Kentucky Location . [XYZ PANACEA 19355 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Carbon dioxide comes from the decay of materials Patient , respiration of plant and animal life and the natural and human-induced combustion of materials and fuels. [XYZ 3CANADAENVIRON 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Through the decay of animal and plant matter Patient . Fungi and bacteria break down the carbon compounds in dead animals and plants and convert the carbon to carbon dioxide if oxygen is present, or methane if not. [XYZ PANACEA 5464 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

The next most important change in a greenhouse gas has been in methane, which has doubled in concentration since the 1800s due to leaks from gas fields, decomposition of vegetation in rice paddies, emissions from livestock, and the decay of rubbish Patient in landfill sites Location . [XYZ PANACEA 8333 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Both the decay and burning of wood Patient releases much of this stored carbon back to the atmosphere. [XYZ PANACEA 30732 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

If you cut down trees and preserve them, and replace the trees you will reduce carbon in the atmosphere. Notice how the carbon Greenpeace is talking about is if there's a fire or the soil disturbed. The important one is the burning and the decay of wood Patient . [XYZ PANACEA 8753 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Landfill gas (LFG), of which methane is a major component, is formed by the anaerobic Means decay of organic matter Patient and with proper environmental management can be collected with minimal loss to the atmosphere. [XYZ PANACEA 13468 0 MCLH 22/10/2015 ]

Therefore, near extinction of green sea turtles Cause could decimate other species that depend on them for survival Patient in a chain reaction that ends with the break down of the en-tire ecosystem Method . [XYZ ESA_30yrs 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

While there are no known instances of golden alga blooms within the occupied range of Texas hornshell, such a catastrophic event Cause could decimate the species Patient in New Mexico Location . [XYZ Threatened_and_Endangered_Species_of_Mexico 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

The key now is to suppress this demand before it Cause can further impact—and likely decimate— Africa’s wild lions Patient . [XYZ LION_REPORT 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

Consumption of tortoises Cause may also have decimated local populations Patient . [XYZ Endangered_Species_Mississipi_Packet 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

The war in Vietnam, which began soon after World War II (1939–45) and lasted three decades Cause , is thought to have decimated the kouprey Patient in that country Location . [XYZ GALE_ENCYCLOPEDIA 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

Frogs are vulnerable to diseases that Cause have decimated amphibian populations Patient in other parts of the world Location . [XYZ ALBERTA_SPECIES_AT_RISK_GUIDE 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

The African grey parrot is still relatively prevalent in the wild in parts of Central Africa, although some national populations Patient have been decimated by illegal trade and habitat loss Cause . [XYZ UNODC_CRIME_REPORT 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

Recent growth in the scale of demand Cause has decimated these old populations Patient , and launched a large number of ambitious cultivation operations. [XYZ UNODC_CRIME_REPORT 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

Also a large scale die-back such as from plague can make for peaceful times---Europe after its major plagues, North American natives after European diseases Cause decimated their populations Patient (that 's the difference between the Jamestown colony failure and Plymouth Rock success). [XYZ rapportpentagone 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

If the killer-whale theory is correct, this overhunting of whales in the absence of international regulation Cause deprived killer whales of a major food source, forcing them to look to harbor seals, then to fur seals, then Steller sea lions, and then finally to sea otters, decimating each of these populations Patient in turn Method . [XYZ OTTERS_ORCAS 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

Even worse, however, was the hunting that Cause decimated the alligator population Patient . [XYZ ESA_30yrs 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

in the absence of otters, urchins Agent decimate the productive kelp forest ecosystems, which in turn harbor dozens of other species Patient . [XYZ OTTERS_ORCAS 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

But the alligator Patient is still Time being decimated by poachers Agent because of the lucrative markets in France and Japan. Reason [XYZ LAW_WILDLIFE 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

Introduced rabbits Agent have greatly threatened Acacia carnie in arid western New South Wales, Australia (Cropper, 1993), and nearly decimated Dudleya traskiae (ironically called the Santa Barbara live-forever) Patient on Santa Barbara Island off California Location (Benseler, 1987). [XYZ Endangered_Plants 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

Once the great whale populations Patient had been decimated, killer whales needed to look for alternative prey in order to survive. [XYZ OTTERS_ORCAS 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

Recent studies also indicate the snake has improved the Lake Erie ecosystem by eating the invasive round Gobi fish, which has decimated the lake’s native and game fish species Patient . [XYZ CBD_10_PLACES_SAVED_ESA 0 MCLH 25/04/2022 ]

The polar bear population Patient is declining in Hudson Bay Location due to the decline in sea ice cover and lack of migration routes Cause . [XYZ 3CANADAENVIRON 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

However, most fish species have a distinct, although complex set of environmental and habitat conditions within which they thrive and beyond which they Patient decline and possibly perish. [XYZ 5CANADAICC 0 MCLH 27/05/2013 ]

In the southern boreal forests, the coniferous species Patient are expected to decline because of a concurrent increase of deciduous tree species. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

After the initial increases, emissions related to land use Patient peak and decline. [XYZ 12IPCCSREMISSIONS 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

If warm events associated with El Niños increase in frequency, plankton biomass and fish larvae abundance Patient would decline and adversely impact fish, marine mammals, seabirds, and ocean biodiversity (high confidence). [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 MCLH 26/06/2013 ]

Eventually CO2 emissions Patient would need to decline to a very small fraction of current emissions Value . [XYZ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 MCLH 26/06/2013 ]

Emissions of PFCs Patient are assumed to decline linearly Manner until they are no longer used in solvent applications by 2025 . [XYZ 4IPCCSROCSPMTS 0 MCLH 26/06/2013 ]

Because they remain in the atmosphere for relatively short periods of time, their concentrations Patient are highest near their sources, decrease rapidly with distance from the source, and decline quickly Manner as sources are eliminated Condition . [XYZ 3CANADAENVIRON 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

Emissions of these gases in a number of scenarios Patient begin to decline by 2050 Time . [XYZ 12IPCCEMISSIONS 0 MCLH 26/06/2013 ]

Canadian forests Patient have declined dramatically Degree due to fires Cause . [XYZ 3CANADAENVIRON 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

During the last few hundred million years, the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide Patient has generally Expanse been declining. [XYZ ENCY 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

Permafrost Patient will decline; trees and shrubs will encroach into current northern tundra; and broad-leaved trees may encroach into current coniferous forest areas. [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

These will occur as some species Patient decline in abundance Degree or become locally extinct while others increase in abundance. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

In industrialized countries, the use and emissions of CFCs and HCFCs Patient will decline following the Montreal Protocol phase-out requirement Reference as obsolete equipment is retired Condition . In developing countries, the production of HCFCs can continue until 2040, and significant increase in their production is expected. [XYZ 4IPCCSROCSPMTS 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

Yet nearly half Europe 's bird species Patient are threatened by extinction or serious Degree decline. [XYZ 1EUROPAENV 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

They concluded that dominant factors determining biodiversity Patient decline will be climate change in polar regions and land-use change in tropics. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 26/06/2013 ]

The major challenges for the environment today are climate change, the decline in biodiversity Patient , the threat to our health from pollution, the way in which we use natural resources and the production of too much waste. The EU is addressing these challenges by setting high environmental standards, and by promoting new ways of working and cleaner technologies. [XYZ 3EUROPAENV 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

With a 2° C increase in air temperature accompanied by a 5-10 % Value decline in precipitation Patient during summer Time , surface runoff in Kazakhstan would be substantially reduced, causing serious implications for agriculture and live stocks. [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

The growth rate of CO2 depends on the growth rate in GDP, the rate of decline of energy use per unit of output Patient , and the rate of decline of CO2 emissions per unit of energy use. [XYZ 8IPCCATTENUATION 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

With the decline and migration of forests Patient , many species will be at risk. [XYZ 3CANADAENVIRON 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

Extreme or long-term climate change scenarios indicate the possibility of widespread Expanse forest Patient decline (low confidence). [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 MCLH 26/06/2013 ]

It is likely 7 that there has been about a 40 % decline in Arctic sea-ice thickness during late summer to early autumn in recent decades and a considerably slower Degree decline in winter sea-ice thickness Patient ." [XYZ GREENFACTS 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

Coastal forests, mainly mangroves, are lost at a rate of approximately 1 % per year, leading to a decline in nurseries and refuge for fish and shellfish species Patient . [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 26/06/2013 ]

The polar bear population is declining in Hudson Bay due to the decline in sea ice cover Patient and lack of migration routes. [XYZ 3CANADAENVIRON 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

There may be a decline of conifer forests Patient in northeast China Location and broad-leaved forests Patient in east China Location may shift northward by up to several hundred kilometers. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 27/06/2013 ]

[Methane] is released into the atmosphere when organic matter Patient decomposes in environments lacking sufficient oxygen Location . [XYZ ENCY 0 AMG MCLH 04/09/2015 ]

In some regions, climate change models predict new rainfall patterns that may affect how leaves on forest floor Patient decompose . [XYZ PANACEA 23480 0 AMG 30/08/2015 ]

When needles that have fallen from conifers Patient decompose , they secrete an acid that helps prevent plants other than conifers from growing there. [XYZ PANACEA 17114 0 AMG 30/08/2015 ]

Proponents of biomass power claim that the carbon dioxide emitted from burning mill waste and logging residues should not count, since these materials Patient would emit carbon dioxide anyway if left to decompose. [XYZ PANACEA 16687 0 AMG 30/08/2015 ]

Earthworms process organic matter into small fragments that Patient decompose rapidly Manner [XYZ PANACEA 1317 0 AMG 30/08/2015 ]

Plastic is a very hazardous material with respect to its effects on the environment. It Patient does not degrade or decompose easily Manner and dumping it in large quantities can create land fills and garbage dumps. [XYZ PANACEA 2893 0 AMG 30/08/2015 ]

Left to decompose naturally Method , manure Patient emits the powerful greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide. [XYZ PANACEA 27647 0 AMG MCLH 04/09/2015 ]

The sequestered carbon can be stored for a very long time, especially in old growth trees Patient , which can live for hundreds of years and take an additional 100, 200, or even 300 years to fully Degree decompose . [XYZ PANACEA 27469 0 AMG 30/08/2015 ]

These deadwood components Patient decompose rather quickly Manner under the warm and humid conditions of tropical rain forests Condition , as does the rain of leaf litter to the forest floor. [XYZ PANACEA 9063 0 AMG 30/08/2015 ]

In managing waste disposal, degradability can make an important difference, because plastic bags stay around forever if left as litter, whereas paper bags Patient will eventually Time decompose . [XYZ PANACEA 9474 0 AMG 30/08/2015 ]

These tiny plants fall to the seabed where Location they Patient decompose , a process that starves the surrounding water of oxygen, creating a zone that does not support fish and other marine life. [XYZ PANACEA 17986 0 AMG MCLH 04/09/2015 ]

After decompression of the ice cores Time , the solid clathrates Patient decompose into a gas form Result , exploding in the process as if they were microscopic grenades. [XYZ PANACEA 16453 0 AMG 30/08/2015 ]

As trees Patient die and decompose , they release carbon. [XYZ PANACEA 16453 0 AMG 30/08/2015 ]

When the organic matter Patient decomposes , it adds still more nutrients to the estuary. [XYZ PANACEA 8222 0 AMG 30/08/2015 ]

However because of the short, cool summer and freezing winter temperatures, plants Patient do not decompose in the tundra Location . [XYZ PANACEA 6362 0 AMG 30/08/2015 ]

fallen leaves Patient decompose and provide nutrients for stream microorganisms and invertebrates. [XYZ PANACEA 8324 0 AMG 04/09/2015 ]

Also, bacteria, fungi and other organisms indigenous to wetlands Agent decompose biodegradable compounds in the wastewater Patient . [XYZ 66-detergent-use 0 MCLH 05/07/2018 ]

Warmer temperatures could increase the rate at which soil microbes Agent decompose organic matter Patient and release carbon dioxide. [XYZ PANACEA 20007 0 AMG 04/09/2015 ]

Small waste particles Patient are decomposed in mid water Location by the planktonic decomposers Agent and the resulting nutrients dissolved so that seaweeds and phytoplankton can reassemble them again into molecules of life. [XYZ PANACEA 23070 0 AMG 04/09/2015 ]

The Siberian permafrost is known as one of the tipping points for the earth's climate, since the potent greenhouse gas develops wherever microorganisms Agent decompose the huge masses of organic material from warmer eras that has been frozen here for thousands of years Patient . [XYZ PANACEA 27834 0 AMG 04/09/2015 ]

When soil microbes Agent decompose organic matter Patient they release heat -- this is why compost heaps are often warmer than the air around them. [XYZ PANACEA 21533 0 AMG 04/09/2015 ]

Although canopy cover in the spring leads to decreased organism growth, in the autumn Time , bacteria and fungi Agent decompose the leaves Patient and grow from the nutrients, thus stimulating productivity. [XYZ PANACEA 15441 0 AMG 04/09/2015 ]

Microorganisms Agent decompose waste products Patient and recycle nutrients. [XYZ PANACEA 6485 0 AMG 04/09/2015 ]

BOD is the amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms Agent to decompose organic waste present in the sewage Patient . [XYZ PANACEA 3070 0 AMG MCLH 04/09/2015 ]

Plants clean air and filter water, bacteria Agent decompose wastes Patient , bees pollinate flowers and tree roots hold soil in place to prevent erosion. [XYZ PANACEA 3999 0 AMG 04/09/2015 ]

When the algae dies, the bacteria that Agent decompose the plants Patient also consumes oxygen. [XYZ PANACEA 5964 0 AMG 04/09/2015 ]

From a systems perspective, the hundreds of species of bacteria and fungi are particularly important because they Agent decompose organic material Patient , releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere and making nutrients available for recycling. Result [XYZ PANACEA 1317 0 AMG MCLH 04/09/2015 ]

When soil is covered with water it becomes anaerobic or lacking in oxygen. Under such conditions, methane-producing bacteria and other organisms Agent decompose organic matter Patient in the soil Location to form methane Result . [XYZ PANACEA 16058 0 AMG 04/09/2015 ]

During chemical chemical weathering Time , carbon dioxide dissolved in rainwater Means helps decompose rock minerals Patient to form bicarbonates Result . [XYZ ENCY 0 AMG MCLH 04/09/2015 ]

The biomass harvested Patient is in effect either oxidized, and the carbon emitted to the atmosphere in a period of one to two years (food, paper, fires), or decomposed more slowly Manner [XYZ JACLET 0 AMG 04/09/2015 ]

Other sources include industrial processes, fossil fuel extraction, and garbage Patient decomposition in landfill sites Location (Figure 2.6). [XYZ 5CANADAICC 0 MCLH 01/08/2013 ]

However, changes in net ecosystem productivity (which includes plant growth, litterfall, mortality, litter Patient decomposition, and soil carbon dynamics) and net biome productivity (which includes those effects plus the effects of fire or other disturbances) are less likely to be positive and may be generally negative. [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 MCLH 01/08/2013 ]

At closure of a magazine or unit which stored hazardous waste under this section, the owner or operator must remove or decontaminate all waste residues, contaminated containment system components, contaminated subsoils, and structures and equipment contaminated with waste Source [XYZ PANACEA 17104 0 MCLH 08/10/2015 ]

Microorganisms are employed in a variety of ways Method to decontaminate polluted places Source and stimulate the environment. [XYZ PANACEA 2770 0 MCLH 08/10/2015 ]

In the United States alone, the cost of decontaminating tens of thousands of toxic sites on factory grounds, farms and military installations Source is expected to eventually surpass $700 billion, several analyses show. [XYZ PANACEA 28302 0 MCLH 08/10/2015 ]

prevent the migration of hazardous waste or hazardous constituents to groundwater or surface water, if possible, and decontaminate or remove contaminated soil Source . [XYZ PANACEA 17101 0 MCLH 08/10/2015 ]

Although some doubt has been cast on the effectiveness of solar disinfection, the anti-microbial properties of sunlight have been known for a long time but it is only recently that solar radiation has been seriously proposed as a means for decontaminating water Source . [XYZ PANACEA 29363 0 MCLH 08/10/2015 ]

Evaluations by teams of leading asbestos researchers showed an increased risk to those who live, work or study in areas which Source were not " properly Manner decontaminated", to be as high as one additional cancer death for every 10 people exposed. [XYZ PANACEA 2084 0 MCLH 08/10/2015 ]

A driveway, several homes and outdoor areas in the 7800 block of Northwest Third Place Source had to be thoroughly Degree decontaminated after the spill Time . [XYZ PANACEA 20961 0 MCLH 08/10/2015 ]

Each car Source was sold, stripped, decontaminated, loaded on a barge, and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean. Some had number plates removed because of rust. 1,200 subway cars were sunk. [XYZ PANACEA 641 0 MCLH 08/10/2015 ]

The Government ordered all housing societies to add chlorine to their water tanks while they Agent decontaminate the water supply Source . [XYZ PANACEA 31330 0 MCLH 08/10/2015 ]

For the decontamination of aqueous systems Source , several conventional techniques such as solvent extraction, precipitation, adsorption, and ion exchange are commonly used; however, remediation technologies based on environmentally friendly surfactants excel all others due to their versatility, efficient toxins-removal performance, and compliance with the principles of “green chemistry”. [XYZ 20-micelles 0 MCLH 22/06/2018 ]

Thus, soil remediation based on a combination of biosurfactant and chelating agent could be a promising method for the decontamination of soil cocontaminated with organic compounds and metals Source . [XYZ 20-micelles 0 MCLH 22/08/2018 ]

Ultimately, chlorination may be adequate for decontamination of drinking water distribution systems contaminated with vegetative bacteria Source , with the addition of flushing to ensure adequate transport of the disinfectant. [XYZ 18-dec-bio 0 MCLH 22/06/2018 ]

This method is not suitable for the decontamination of affected soils Source . [XYZ PANACEA 6654 0 MCLH 22/06/2018 ]

That sufficient oxygen is needed to be effective has also been confirmed by other researchers in the UK who have shown that the effectiveness of solar Method decontamination of water Source is strongly dependent upon its oxygen status. [XYZ PANACEA 28563 0 MCLH 22/06/2018 ]

A chemical explosion occurred in the radio-chemical processing plant at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee during decontamination of processing machinery Source . [XYZ PANACEA 20458 0 MCLH 22/06/2018 ]

Theoretically, if decontamination of spore-forming bacteria Material from drinking water infrastructure Source is successful, the same method would also be effective for vegetative cells. [XYZ 18-dec-bio 0 MCLH 22/06/2018 ]

Biosurfactants have also shown promising results for heavy metal Material decontamination from wastewater Source . [XYZ 20-micelles 0 MCLH 22/06/2018 ]

The authors also studied the ability of employing these micromotors to accelerate the decontamination of several OP pesticides with analogous molecular structures, including methyl paraxon (MP), ethyl paraxon (EP) and bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate (b-NPP) Material . [XYZ 64-nanoscale 0 MCLH 22/06/2018 ]

Hence, application of micellar solutions of SF associated with the peculiar self-assembling characteristic would be an effective methodology for the decontamination of metallic toxins Material from soil and water. [XYZ 20-micelles 0 MCLH 22/06/2018 ]

Because replacement species generally have lower global warming potentials11 (GWPs), and because total halocarbon emissions Patient have decreased , their combined CO2-equivalent (direct GWP-weighted) emission has been reduced. [XYZ CHANG_4IPCCSROCSPMTS 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

As a result of the cooling effect and of reducing ODS concentrations, ozone Patient is likely to increase over much of the stratosphere, but could decrease in some regions, including the Arctic Location . [XYZ CHANG_4IPCCSROCSPMTS 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

Streamflow during seasonal low flow periods Patient would decrease in many areas Location due to greater evaporation Reason ; changes in precipitation may exacerbate or offset the effects of increased evaporation. [XYZ CHANG_GREENFACTS 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

In the complete absence of emissions, the concentrations of these gases Patient would decrease , but at a slow rate that is determined by their atmospheric lifetimes of decades to centuries. [XYZ CHANG_4IPCCSROCSPMTS 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

Major rivers of Africa are highly sensitive to climate variation; average runoff and water availability Patient would decrease in Mediterranean and southern countriesof Africa Location (medium confidence 6). [5.1.1] . [XYZ CHANG_3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

Human Settlements: Supply and demand for cooling water will change. Energy demand Patient may increase in summer (cooling) and decrease in winter(heating) Time , and peak energy demand will shift. [XYZ CHANG_7IPCCREGION 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

In general, precipitation Patient is projected to increase in high-latitude and equatorial areas and decrease in the subtropics Location , with an increase in heavy precipitation events. [XYZ CHANG_2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

Figure 5: CGCM1 projects that sea ice cover in the Arctic Patient will decrease dramatically Degree by 2100 Time . [XYZ CHANG_3CANADAENVIRON 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

Climate models project that, during the coming decades, water resources will become more abundant across much of northern Canada. Furthermore, its presence as snow and ice Patient will decrease over time Time , being replaced by water in its liquid form. [XYZ CHANG_5CANADAICC 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

As temperatures rise, the extent of snow and sea ice cover in the Northern Hemisphere Patient will decrease . [XYZ CHANG_5CANADAICC 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

Simulations show that biosphere sinks Patient will decrease at low latitudes in America and Africa Location because of a lack of water due to an increase in evaporation, and will increase at high latitudes. [XYZ CHANG_JACLET 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

The primary production Patient will decrease considerably Degree in the intertropical zone Location , while increasing in the polar regions, which are rich in nutrient salts. [XYZ CHANG_JACLET 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

However, all models agree that the warming will be significant and likely unprecedented in human history, that continents will warm more than oceans, that high latitudes will warm more than low latitudes, that sea levels will rise, snow and sea ice extent and thickness Patient will decrease , and that there will be an increase in average global precipitation, accompanied by major changes in the distribution of precipitation. [XYZ CHANG_6CANADAQFP 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

Of particular importance are changes in the extent of highly reflective ice and snow cover; as climate warms, the area of ice and snow Patient will decrease , leading to greater absorption of solar energy and further warming. [XYZ CHANG_10IPCCMODELE 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

In contrast, lower temperatures Cause could decrease ozone concentrations Patient at lower altitudes Location . [XYZ CHANG_4IPCCSROCSPMTS 0 MEL TK 04/06/2012 ]

Increasing atmospheric concentrationsof CO2 Cause would decrease seawaterpH Patient . [XYZ CHANG_2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

Changing the aerosol forcing Cause would decrease or increase its relative importance Patient ; but this clearly would not affect the undoubted significance of non- CO2 greenhouse gases. [XYZ CHANG_13IPCCSTABILISATIONDESGAZ 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

In general, higher temperatures Cause would decrease the yields of cereal crops (such as wheat) Patient although the yield of crops such as potatoes and sugar beet would tend to increase. [XYZ CHANG_ENCY 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

Climate change Cause may decrease water availability Patient in some water stressed regions Location and increase it in others. [XYZ CHANG_3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

The projected climate change Cause could further decrease the streamflow and groundwater recharge Patient in many of these water-stressed countries Location - for example in central Asia, southern Africa, and countries around the Mediterranean Sea - but may increase it in some others. [XYZ CHANG_GREENFACTS 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

Future temperature changes related to GHG emissions Cause are expected to enhance stratospheric ozone depletion in some parts of the stratosphere and decrease it Patient in others Location [XYZ CHANG_4IPCCSROCSPMTS 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

A shift from meat towards plant production for human food purposes, where feasible, Cause could increase energy efficiency and decrease GHG emissions (especially N2O and CH4 from the agricultural sector) Patient . [XYZ CHANG_8IPCCATTENUATION 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

Warmer winters and fewer cold spells Cause will decrease cold-related mortality Patient in many temperate countries(high confidence) Location . [XYZ CHANG_3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

Climate change Cause will decrease air quality Patient in urban areas with air pollution problems (medium confidence) Location . [XYZ CHANG_3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

For some vector-borne diseases in some locations, climate change Cause will decrease transmission via reductions in rainfall or temperatures that are too high for transmission (medium confidence) Patient . [XYZ CHANG_3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

In addition to increasing tropospheric ozone concentrations, aircraft NOx emissions Cause are expected to decrease the concentration of methane, which is also a greenhouse gas Patient . [XYZ CHANG_1IPCCAVIATION 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

Activities and projects in the agricultural sector Cause to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration can promote sustainable agriculture, promote rural development, and may enhance or decrease biodiversity Patient . [XYZ CHANG_2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

Regeneration techniques Cause can influence species composition, stocking, and density and can increase or decrease biodiversity Patient . [XYZ CHANG_2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 TK 04/06/2012 ]

Because mitigation costs depend on the difference between emissions consistent with a given stabilization target and some baseline, ignoring the ecological or marine feedbacks Cause can increase or decrease the emissions and mitigation costs associated with a stabilization level Patient . [XYZ CHANG_13IPCCSTABILISATIONDESGAZ 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

Different approaches have been proposed to address the duration of projects Method in relation to their ability to increase carbon stocks and decrease greenhouse gas emissions Patient , inter alia: [XYZ CHANG_14IPCCSRL 0 TK MCLH 04/06/2012 ]

A decrease in return period for extreme precipitation events Patient and the possibility of more frequent floods in parts of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh Location is projected. [XYZ CHANG_3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 TK 20/06/2012 ]

A decrease in the total amount of rainfall Patient in arid and semi-arid areas Location could increase the total area of drylands worldwide, and thus the total amount of land potentially at risk from desertification. [XYZ CHANG_ENCY 0 TK 20/06/2012 ]

A general warming is expected to lead to an increase in the occurrence of extremely hot days and a decrease in the occurrence of extremely cold days Patient . [XYZ CHANG_1IPCCAVIATION 0 TK 20/06/2012 ]

Additionally, with increased evaporation due to higher temperatures, and increased regional populations, there will be a decrease in available water Patient , which is a major concern. It is projected that 3 billion additional people will be stressed by water shortages. [XYZ CHANG_3CANADAENVIRON 0 TK 20/06/2012 ]

The IPCC scenarios include the possibility of either increases or decreases in anthropogenic aerosols Patient , depending on the extent of fossil-fuel use and policies to abate sulfur emissions. [XYZ CHANG_2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 TK 20/06/2012 ]

The only exceptions are little to slight Degree decreases in precipitation Patient over the Prairies and over the eastern edgeof Baffin Island Location . [XYZ CHANG_5CANADAICC 0 TK 20/06/2012 ]

At the regional scale both increases and decreases in precipitation Patient are seen. [XYZ CHANG_11IPCCBILAN2001 0 TK 20/06/2012 ]

Various studies suggest that the combined effects of increased evaporation of surface water under warmer climates and altered precipitation patterns will likely cause summer meteorological droughts in the interior of southern Canada to become more frequent, more intense, and of longer duration. These will, in turn, result in intervals of very low streamflows and lake levels and depleted ground water resources. For larger water reservoirs, this is expected to lead to persistent Duration decreases in mean water levels Patient . [XYZ CHANG_5CANADAICC 0 TK 20/06/2012 ]

An increase in temperature, accompanied by decreases in soil moisture Patient , would lead to a substantial reduction in peat formation in Fennoscandian and northern Russian peatlands. [XYZ CHANG_7IPCCREGION 0 TK 20/06/2012 ]

Decreases in precipitation Patient in southern Europe Location would reduce crop yields and make irrigation an even larger competitor to domestic and industrial water use. [XYZ CHANG_7IPCCREGION 0 TK 20/06/2012 ]

Milder Arctic climates Cause brought substantial Degree decreases in sea ice cover Patient . [XYZ CHANG_5CANADAICC 0 TK 20/06/2012 ]

In contrast to the long-lived greenhouse gases, anthropogenic aerosols are very short-lived in the atmosphere; hence, their radiative forcing Cause adjusts rapidly to increases or decreases in emissions Patient . [XYZ CHANG_1IPCCAVIATION 0 TK 20/06/2012 ]

For example, conserving forests that Source would have otherwise have been deforested for agricultural land Purpose may displace farmers to lands outside the project 's boundary. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Initially, the forest Source was severely Degree deforested and degraded due to logging for fuelwood and clearance for cultivation. [XYZ according to DEFCHILE 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

This site Source was deforested approximately 70 years ago Time and brought under unfertilized grazed pasture for 30 years. [XYZ DEFIMPACT 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Throughout the tropics, and more specifically in the Northeast Queensland (NEQ) wet tropical region of Australia, extensive forested ecosystems Source have been deforested for sugarcane, banana, and pasture, both for dairy and beef cattle production Purpose . [XYZ according to DEFIMPACT 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Each year, logging affects an area approximately as large as the areas Source being deforested. [XYZ DEFROLES 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Between August and November 2007, approximately 7000 km2 Source were deforested according to an estimate based on MODIS satellite released by the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). [XYZ according to DEFROLES 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

After Independence, deforestation continued mainly on Java, where up to 500,000 ha (about 17% of the forested area) Source were deforested, which caused an increase in flooding and land erosion. [XYZ DEFBRAZIL 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Soils vary at much finer scales than these, and landholders Agent similarly make decisions to deforest at a scale of a few hectares, and not of a few hundred hectares Expanse . [XYZ DEFFUTURE 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Nine nations Agent deforest during 1990-2000 Duration , even though their GNP and rural population anticipate afforestation. [XYZ DEFCORRE 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Figure 17, based on World Bank (2000) data, reveals that most countries that afforest have subsidies exceeding 20 percent of total government expenditure, and that many countries that Agent deforest have lower subsidies. [XYZ DEFCORRE 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Economic Land Concession issuance frequently results in very rapid and extensive deforestation of the concession area, while displacing forest-dependent populations that transfer pressures that Cause degrade or deforest neighbouring areas Source . [XYZ according to DEFCAMBODIA 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Almost five centuries of European presence before 1970 Cause deforested an area only slightly larger than Portugal Source . [XYZ DEFBRAZIL 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Further, according to Holmes (2002), these areas Source were deforested due to conversion for industrial plantation forest (1.9 million ha or 11%) and estate crops (2.4 million ha or 14%) Cause , forest fires (1.74 million ha or 10%) Cause , small investors Agent (2.4 million ha or 10%) and forest pioneers Agent (1.22 million ha or 7%); they include logged-over areas waiting to be developed as industrial plantation forest (7.7 million ha or 48%). [XYZ DEFHISTORY 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Section 3 of this paper discusses some of the credit and financial incentives that historically have driven Amazonian landholders Agent to deforest their land Source , and also suggests that factors related to land tenure, the cost of chemical fertilizers, and strong export markets for soybeans and cattle may continue to provide strong incentives to deforest in the future. [XYZ DEFFUTURE 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Climate change could add an additional stress to the adverse effects of continued Duration deforestation in the Amazon rainforest Source . [XYZ 7IPCCREGION 0 MCLH 24/06/2013 ]

For example, if forests and deforestation are defined in terms of canopy cover and canopy cover is assessed over land areas of 100 ha, then deforestation of smaller areas within a unit Source may not take the canopy cover of the unit below the forest definition threshold. [XYZ 14IPCCSRL 0 MCLH 24/06/2013 ]

Large- scale Expanse deforestation in the humid tropics (e.g., South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia) Source has been identified as the most important ongoing land-surface process, because it reduces evaporation and increases surface temperature. [XYZ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 MCLH 24/06/2013 ]

Using the results from both time periods, we produced and edited a map of athropogenic Agent deforestation between periods at 60m resolution. [XYZ DEFTROPICAL 0 MCLH 28/07/2015 ]

Deforestation was caused mainly by extensive conversion of forest to estate crops Cause , such as oil palm, following government priorities of boosting the revenues from exports and increasing international prices. [XYZ according to DEFHISTORY 0 MCLH 28/07/2015 ]

Climate change is expected to cause the deglaciation of the Himalayan region Patient , which would adversely affect the hydrology of Indian region and disrupting agriculture, in an analogous situation to that of Peru at smaller temperature rises. [XYZ AvoidingDangerousClimateChange2006 0 MCLH 15/01/2025 ]

Therefore, estimates of temperature and duration thresholds must be drawn from ice sheet models, past Time partial Expanse deglaciations of Greenland and Antarctica Patient , and past total deglaciations of the Laurentide or Fenno-Scandian ice sheets. [XYZ NAS_climate_stabilization_targets 0 MCLH 01/25/20 ]

It is likely that large rapid decadal temperature changes occurred during the last glacial and its Patient deglaciation (between about 100,000 and 10,000 years ago), particularly in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. [XYZ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 MCLH 15/01/2025 ]

Although lotic records are relatively poor because of the constant reworking of riverine material, high-quality lentic data have been assembled back to the end of the Pleistocene and deglaciation of the circumpolar Arctic Patient . [XYZ PANACEA 794 0 MCLH 15/01/2025 ]

Many organisms in the deserts already are near their tolerance limits, and some may not be able to adapt further under hotter conditions. Arid to semi-arid sub-regions and the grassland areas of eastern and southern Africa, as well as areas currently under threat from land Patient degradation and desertification, are particularly vulnerable. [XYZ 7IPCCREGION 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

Furthermore, severe droughts will also cause increased Degree degradation of water quality Patient , greater risk of eutrophication and extensive harm to aquatic ecosystems. [XYZ 5CANADAICC 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

The remainder of the carbon dioxide emissions comes from human land use activities -- ranching, agriculture and the clearing and degradation of forests Patient . [XYZ 6CANADAQFP 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

These stresses have led to problems of land Patient degradation, salinization, and woody weed invasion. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

We also need to consider the synergy between greenhouse gas mitigation strategies and the mitigation of other environmental externalities, such as local air pollution, urban congestion, or land and natural resource Patient degradation. [XYZ 13IPCCSTABILISATIONDESGAZ 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

Land Patient degradation problems and limited water supplies restrict present agricultural productivity and threaten the food security of some countries. [XYZ 7IPCCREGION 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

A critical research need is to assess whether resource Patient degradation will significantly increase the risks faced by vulnerable agricultural and rural populations [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

These ecosystem changes are primarily due to factors such as changing land-use patterns, and the degradation of many ecosystems primarily due to soil Patient degradation, water quantity and quality degradation, habitat loss, modification and fragmentation, selective exploitation of species, and the introduction of non-native species. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

Essentially, natural catastrophes or environmental Patient degradation often affect the regions in which they occur. [XYZ JACLET 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

These sources are also linked to degradation of air quality Patient and acid deposition. [XYZ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

They include land-clearing, decreased local air quality and affected water and vegetation as a result of drilling, moving of earth and the grading and leaching of metals from mining residues, all of which indirectly may also result in habitat Patient degradation. [XYZ 5IPCCDYOXYDE 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

However, deforestation activities, forest Patient degradation and agricultural land mismanagement also add large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions - between 2 and 9 billion tonnes - each year. [XYZ 6CANADAQFP 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

In addition to climate change mitigation benefits, slowing deforestation and/or forest Patient degradation could provide substantial biodiversity benefits. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

High-latitude coasts will experience added impacts related to higher wave energy and permafrost Patient degradation. [XYZ GREENFACTS 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

More frequent floods and droughts, with floods Cause increasing sediment loads and causing degradation of water quality Patient III some areas. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

Key environmental pressures relate to biodiversity, landscape, soil, land, and water Patient degradation ( largely due to pollution Cause ). [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 03/08/2013 ]

An increase in the frequency of damaging floods, heat waves, dust storms, hurricanes, and other extreme events Cause could degrade the integrity of such critical infrastructures Patient at rates the economies may not be able to tolerate Manner , leading to a serious deterioration of social, health, and economic services delivery systems. [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 DMT MCLH 05/11/2012 ]

The large growth in emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants as projected in some of the six illustrative SRES scenarios for the 21st century Cause will degrade the global environment Patient in ways beyond climate change Manner . [XYZ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 DMT MCLH 05/11/2012 ]

ELC issuance frequently results in very rapid and extensive deforestation of the concession area, while displacing forest-dependent populations that transfer pressures that Cause degrade or deforest neighbouring areas Patient . [XYZ DEFCAMBODIA 0 MCLH 08/09/2017 ]

Water quality Patient generally would be degraded by higher water temperatures Cause (high confidence). [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 DMT 05/11/2012 ]

Dust from roads with heavy vehicle use Cause could degrade habitat of nearby populations Patient . [XYZ ALBERTA SPECIES AT RISK GUIDE 0 MCLH 08/09/2017 ]

Mangrove ecosystems Patient will be degraded or lost by sea-level rise Cause at a of rate 1-1.7 % per year Manner and will lead to decline in some fish species. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 DMT MCLH 05/11/2012 ]

At the same time, habitats Patient will be degraded and fragmented by the combination of climate change, deforestation, desertification and other environmental pressures Cause . [XYZ ENCY 0 DMT 05/11/2012 ]

Any resource management activities that Cause degrade alpine wetlands Patient will negatively affect breeding habitat for Boreal Toads. [XYZ THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES OF MEXICO 0 MCLH 08/09/2017 ]

Conversion of native grasslands for agricultural practices and excessive grazing Cause can degrade and fragment habitat for loggerhead shrike Patient . [XYZ ALBERTA SPECIES AT RISK GUIDE 0 MCLH 08/09/2017 ]

water manipulation and canal maintenance at the refuge Cause can either enhance or degrade microhabitat Patient [XYZ THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES OF MEXICO 0 MCLH 08/09/2017 ]

Quality Patient would be degraded further Degree where flows decrease Location , but increases in flows may mitigate to a certain extent some degradations in water quality by increasing dilution. [XYZ GREENFACTS 0 DMT MCLH 05/11/2012 ]

Methods of economic costing and valuation rely on the notion of opportunity cost of resources Patient used, degraded, or saved. [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 DMT MCLH 05/11/2012 ]

The end of the great Mayan era was due to a combination of ecological, political and social factors: increasing food demands, degraded soils Patient , unending wars between neighbouring cities, and lords demanding ever more from their subjects. [XYZ JACLET 0 TK 09/07/2013 ]

Except for boreal forests, many forests Patient have been cleared or become degraded. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 TK 09/07/2013 ]

Options include establishment of corridors to assist the "migration" of ecosystems, land-use management, plantings and restoration of degraded areas Patient . [XYZ 7IPCCREGION 0 TK 09/07/2013 ]