• While it is often assumed that simple access to water at depth limits yield in drought, Blum et al. (1991) concluded that surface drying rather than a lack of access to water at depth was responsible for yield loss in wheat.

• In bread wheat, the concentration of carotenoids is low, but they are more abundant in, for example, durum wheat, emmer and einkorn cultivars and landraces, having higher concentration in landraces then in cultivars

• This study resulted in the identification of several wheat grain allergens including amylase/protease inhibitors and enzymes such as acyl-CoA oxidase.