In a warming climate, permafrost Patient thawing may induce decomposition of carbon accumulated in frozen soils which could persist for hundreds to thousands of years, leading to an increase of atmospheric CO2 and/or methane (CH4) [ WG1AR5AL 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Inland aquatic ecosystems will be influenced by climate change through altered water temperatures, flow regimes, water levels and thawing of permafrost Patient at high latitudes Location . [ 7IPCCREGION 0 SB MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Some wetlands will be replaced by forests or heathlands, and those overlying permafrost are likely to be disrupted as a result of thawing of permafrost Patient (high confidence). [ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 SB MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Also included in the computation of the total change are smaller contributions from thawing of permafrost Patient , deposition of sediment, and the ongoing contributions from ice sheets as a result of climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum. [ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 SB MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Indeed, recent observations (Dorrepaal et al., 2009; Kuhry et al., 2010) suggest that this process, induced by widespread Expanse permafrost Patient warming and thawing (Romanovsky et al., 2010), might be already occurring. [ WG1AR5NO 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

As warming occurs, there will be considerable Degree thawing of permafrost Patient - leading to changes in drainage, increased slumping, and altered landscapes over large areas. [ 7IPCCREGION 0 SB MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

In addition, it is virtually certain that large areas of permafrost Patient will experience thawing over multiple centuries. [ GW1AE5FD 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Similarly, the annual Duration freezing and thawing of seasonally frozen ground Patient is coupled to the land surface energy and moisture fluxes, and thus to climate. [ WG1AR5DF 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Specifically, the network of selected biosphere reserves is observing cryospheric indicators, such as snow cover, glaciers, permafrost and solifluction (where freezing and thawing of the ground Patient results in soil-surface slippage); high-mountain, freshwater ecosystems and watershed hydrology; and terrestrial ecosystems, especially mountain plant life and certain soil-dwelling animals. [ AWORLDOFSCIENCE 0 SB MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Thawing of unsaturated Yedoma carbon deposits (which contain large, but uncertain amounts of organic carbon in permafrost in northeast Siberia Patient ; Schirrmeister et al., 2011) was postulated to produce significant CH4 emissions (Khvorostyanov et al., 2008), however more recent estimates with Yedoma carbon lability constrained by incubation observations (Dutta et al., 2006) argue for smaller emissions at 2100 (Koven et al., 2011). [ WG1AR5GA 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Overall, there is high confidence that reductions in permafrost extent due to warming Cause will cause thawing of some currently frozen carbon Patient . [ WG1AR5FX 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Examples of observed changes include shrinkage of glaciers, thawing of permafrost Patient , later freezing and earlier break-up of ice on rivers and lakes, lengthening of mid to high-latitude growing seasons, pole ward and altitudinal shifts of plant and animal ranges, declines of some plant and animal populations, and earlier flowering of trees, emergence of insects, and egg-laying in birds (see Figure SPM-1). [ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 SB MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

The layer of ground that Patient is subject to annual Duration thawing and freezing in areas underlain by permafrost Location . [ WG1AR5WX 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]