Climate models Method calculate temperature, wind, humitity and other climatic factors such as land surface and ocean conditions for thousands of points at regularly spaced locations, known as a grid, all over the surface of the globe and throughout the depths of the atmosphere and ocean Patient . [XYZ 4CANADAFACC_EN 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

This involves the development of physical and statistical relationships between these processes and large-scale variables that Patient can be calculated by the model Method . [XYZ 5CANADAICC_EN 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

A simple land surface model that Method calculates runoff and soil moisture Patient on the basis of the balance between precipitation, surface evaporation, and the water holding capacity of the soil Reference . [XYZ CHANG_3CANADAENVIRON_EN 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

A finite element model Method is developed to calculate numerically Manner transient effects in the grout Patient . [XYZ ENGLISH_RENEWABLE_ENERGY_SALIMSHIRAZI 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

The essential common features of the models used for climate projection in the SAR WGI are that they Method can calculate the response of surface temperature to radiative forcing Patient , and that they include the ocean, because of its dominant influence on the rate of climatic change. [XYZ 10IPCCMODELE_EN 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

Such a model Method can, for example, be used to calculate the Earth 's average surface temperature Patient as an energy balance arising from the reflective, absorptive and radiative properties of the Earth 's atmosphere and surface. [XYZ 5CANADAICC_EN 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

Changes in runoff Patient are calculated with a hydrologic model using as inputs climate projections from two versions of the Hadley Centre atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) for a scenario of 1 % per annum increase in effective carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere: (a) HadCM2 ensemble mean and (b) HadCM3 Method . [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

Uncertainty estimates Patient are calculated by varying the average value of net land-use change emissions over the 1980s14 Method . [XYZ 6IPCCEMISSIONS 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

The temperature change and sea level rise projections Patient are calculated using the simplified models used in SAR WGI Method , models that have been calibrated against more complex models. [XYZ 13IPCCSTABILISATIONDESGAZ 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

The climate of a locality or region Patient is calculated by averaging these weather conditions over an extended period of time, usually at least 30 years Method . [XYZ 6CANADAQFP 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

The enthalpy method Method was used to calculate the temperature and flow fields as well as the frozen unfrozen soil and crude oil interfaces Patient . [XYZ ENGLISH_RENEWABLE_ENERGY_NEJAD 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

The Kaya equation Means is used to calculate the CO2 emissions Patient : Formula - CO2 Emissions = Population X GDP per Capita (wealth) X energy/GDP (energy efficiency) X CO2/Energy (energy type). [XYZ 3CANADAENVIRON 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

In order to project the impact of human perturbations on the climate system Purpose , it is necessary to calculate the effects of all the key processes operating in the climate system Patient . [XYZ 10IPCCMODELE 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

Economic growth is expressed by changes in Gross National Product (GNP) per capita with 2025 - 2100 values Patient calculated from figures given for 1990 - 2025 and 1990 - 2100 Means . [XYZ 6IPCCEMISSIONS 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

In 2000, the IPCC completed a Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) to replace the earlier set of six IS92 scenarios developed for the IPCC in 1992. These newer scenarios consider the period 1990 to 2100 and include a range of socioeconomic assumptions (e.g., global population and gross domestic product). Their implications for other aspects of global change Patient also have been calculated; [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

Beginning with concentration profiles Method , we Agent calculate, using simplified climate models from SAR WGI (Section 6.3) Method , the global mean temperature and sea level consequences of these CO2 concentration profiles (covered in Section 2.3) Patient . [XYZ 13IPCCSTABILISATIONDESGAZ 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

The atmospheric model Method is then run for a further 20 years so that researchers Agent can calculate the average flux of energy and fresh water between the atmosphere and the ocean surface Patient and estimate surface winds over the ocean. [XYZ 1CANADACCD 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

Newman and Wilson (1997) developed a 1-D model (in the ground depth direction) for freezing unsaturated soil. They combined heat and mass transfer equations by using soil-freezing and soilwater characteristic curve data generated by other researchers. They Agent calculated temperature evolutions as well as unfrozen water content and suction for the nodes positioned at or behind the frost front in the unfrozen soil region Patient . [XYZ ENGLISH_RENEWABLE_ENERGY_NEJAD 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

The direct GWPs have been calculated relative to CO2 using an improved Manner calculation of the CO2 radiative forcing, the SAR response function for a CO2 pulse, and new values for the radiative forcing and lifetimes for a number of halocarbons Patient . [XYZ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 ZJ MCLH 19/06/2014 ]

The use of per capita emissions introduces an additional element of uncertainty, future population, which makes the calculation of absolute emissions Patient quite complex. [XYZ 6IPCCEMISSIONS 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

The calculation of HFC-23 emissions Patient requires data not only on the quantities of HCFC-22 produced (the activity) and the rate of emission (which is influenced by process design and operating culture) but also on the extent to which emissions are abated. [XYZ 4IPCCSROCSPMTS 0 ZJ MCLH 19/06/2014 ]

Substantial aircraft and engine technology advances and the air traffic management improvements described in this report are already incorporated in the aircraft emissions scenarios Means used for climate change Patient calculations. [XYZ 1IPCCAVIATION 0 ZJ MCLH 19/06/2014 ]

Thus, in order to carry out useful Manner climate and sea level Patient calculations it is necessary to have information that extends beyond just a few decades Means . [XYZ 6IPCCEMISSIONS 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

here, the cement production contribution is 0.15 GtC/yr. It has been noted previously (Enting, et al., 1994, pp. 69, 70) that these values Means are insufficiently precise for carbon cycle model Patient calculations, that rounding errors cannot be admitted into any credible analyses, and that the IPCC92 (Leggett, et al., 1992) and Pepper, et al. (1992) emissions values in 1990 do not agree with more recent estimates. [XYZ 6IPCCEMISSIONS 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

Uncertainties in emission projections are significant. A comparison of atmospheric measurements with inventory Patient calculations shows differences per group of substances (CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs and PFCs) in the order of 10?25 % . [XYZ 4IPCCSROCSPMTS 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

In the climate Patient calculations for the IS92 emissions scenarios Substitute , SAR WGI Agent considers a wider range of possible future scenarios for aerosols and non-CO2 greenhouse gases Means . [XYZ 13IPCCSTABILISATIONDESGAZ 0 ZJ MCLH 19/06/2014 ]

That means reviewing our Agent calculations of the probabilities of different kinds of weather extremes Patient to determine whether the event that now has an estimated probability of occurring once in 100 years should be upgraded to, say, a 1 in 50 probability. [XYZ 2CANADACCD9801 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

For calculations of emissions consistent with a range of stabilization levels and pathways Patient , SAR WGI (Section 2.1) Agent used models Method and input data which were generally accepted at that time Means . [XYZ 13IPCCSTABILISATIONDESGAZ 0 ZJ 10/04/2014 ]

The measurements show that column ozone values between 60 ° S and 60 ° N decreased beginning in the early 1980s and the models Method capture the timing Patient and extent of this decrease Patient quite well Manner . [XYZ 4IPCCSROCSPMTS 0 TK MCLH 11/08/2014 ]

This definitional approach Method would capture the net emission Patient or removal effects of practices that deplete carbon stocks as well as those that increase removals by sinks Patient . [XYZ 14IPCCSRL 0 TK MCLH 11/08/2014 ]

Some critics also dispute the methodologies that underlie these studies. They question the extent to which the models Substitute , which by necessity simplify the energy-economic system, capture the full complexity of capital stock Patient , its interlinkages Patient and other sources of inertia in the system. Patient [XYZ 13IPCCSTABILISATIONDESGAZ 0 TK MCLH 11/08/2014 ]

The six scenario groups - the three scenario families A2, B1, and B2, plus three groups within the A1 scenario family, A1B, A1FI, and A1T - and four cumulative emissions categories were developed as the smallest subsets of SRES scenarios that Method capture the range of uncertainties associated with driving forces and emissions Patient . [XYZ 12IPCCSREMISSIONS 0 TK MCLH 11/08/2014 ]

Our Agent cars, trucks, planes and ships rely on oil for 94 percent of their fuel, and there are no meaningful substitutes currently available at anything remotely approaching scale. [XYZ ElectrificationRoadmap 0 MCLH 06/07/2022 ]

To be sure, the automobile manufacturers appear to be developing electric Means cars, but their motives and commitment must be viewed as suspect given their past experiences. [XYZ V2G 0 MCLH 06/07/2022 ]

GoLoco coordinates carpooling between friends Patient . [XYZ SmartTransportation 0 MCLH 27/05/2022 ]

These vehicles and their engines Instrument receive a great deal of wear because they are driven several hundred thousand miles in their lifetime, carrying large and heavy loads Patient . [XYZ CarbonReduction 0 MCLH 23/05/2014 ]

These trolleybuses Instrument serviced a total of 5.271 million vehicle-kilometers, which is the most in the history of Salzburg, carrying 40 M passengers Patient . [XYZ TROLLEY 0 MCLH 23/05/2014 ]

[...] large trucks with diesel engines Instrument that are designed to carry goods and freight Patient and can come in a variety of sizes (up to 75 feet long and 100 tons). [XYZ CarbonReduction 0 MCLH 23/05/2014 ]

For similar initial investment, operating costs, and fare structure, the PRT system Instrument would carry almost twice as many passengers Patient annually Frequency [...] [XYZ ElectricTraction 0 MCLH 23/05/2014 ]

About 220 W is required to propel a bicycle Instrument carrying an average weight rider Patient on level ground Location at 32 kph Manner . [XYZ eBikes 0 MCLH 23/05/2014 ]

In Canada, for example, five of the six largest cities have one or more metro, streetcar, or trolleybus systems, and these GCVs Instrument carry most of the public transport passengers served in these cities Patient . [XYZ ElectricTraction 0 MCLH 23/05/2014 ]

It is considered because it can be a potential candidate Instrument for carrying urban traffic Patient in a metropolitan city Location . [XYZ Battery 0 MCLH 23/05/2014 ]

The maximum number of trolleybuses Instrument in simultaneous operation was 72, performing a total of 5 million vehicle-kilometers and carrying 22.7 million passengers Patient . [XYZ TROLLEY 0 MCLH 23/05/2014 ]

Furthermore, most participants think driving is still necessary and indispensable for carrying heavy or big loads Patient , and for traveling far distances. [XYZ ElectricBikes 0 MCLH 23/05/2014 ]

In 2007, over 35,000 Chinook salmon Patient were caught as bycatch Substitute in the Gulf of Alaska pollock fishery Location (Rice et al., 2010). [XYZ Christian et al_MSC 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

The MMPA also bans the importation of fish Patient caught with commercial fishing technology that results in the incidental kill or serious injury of marine mammals in exccess of U.S. standards Method . [XYZ NOAA ImprovingIntlFisheriesMgmt 2019 report final 0 MCLH 18/01/2024 ]

Pelagics are the main species caught with handlines in Bonaire, while reef fish and lobster are the main species Patient caught in pots Instrument in St. Eustatius and Saba Location , respectively. [XYZ FAO_Fisheries management performance 0 MCLH 18/01/2024 ]

Moreover, for many bycatch species (and other types of ecosystem impacts), including the sharks Patient commonly Frequency caught in the Canadian fishery Location , researchers have not fully determined the extent to which individual fisheries are responsible. [XYZ Christian et al_MSC 0 MCLH 18/01/2024 ]

Only through full accountability and public transparency can we ensure not only that fish resources Patient are sustainably and legally Method caught and traded but that the benefits of this economic activity accrue to the people and governments of each country where fisheries occur. [XYZ Sumaila Illicit trade 0 MCLH 18/01/2024 ]

There are no management measures or strategies to protect ETP species from the Maine mussel dredge fishery because it is very unlikely to accidentally Method catch or interact with any endangered, threatened, or protected species Patient (NOAA 2011) because of the nature of operations of this fishery. [XYZ MSC Pre-Assessment_Wild Blue Mussels_August 2017-final 0 MCLH 18/01/2024 ]

For example, an assessment of the gillnet fisheries based in West Kalimantan, from 2013 through 2016, suggested that 750 sea turtles Patient are caught each year Frequency in those coastal fisheries Location . [XYZ NOAA ImprovingIntlFisheriesMgmt 2019 report final 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

In the HCS – the current most productive marine ecosystem in terms of fish Patient caught globally Expanse – climate is considered to be the most important driving factor, but overfishing is likely to exacerbate the effects of climate stressors (Bertrand, Vögler and Defeo, 2018; Chavez et al., 2008). [XYZ FAO IRD El Nino impacts fisheries aquaculture 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

Olive ridleys are the most common ETP sea turtle species incidentally captured in purse seines, though hawksbill and green sea turtles Patient are also commonly Frequency caught. [XYZ SFP report on ETP interactions in FIPs_final 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

Shelf area trawled refers to an area covered by waters to a depth of 200m, where most fishing activity occurs. For this indicator, only trawls and dredges that are dragged on the sea floor to catch bottom-dwelling species such as flounder and shrimp Patient are considered. [XYZ Alder Pauly_biodiversity 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

There is a high degree of certainty that bycatch species are within biologically based limits. Only few species that Patient are caught does not have any commercial value. [XYZ MSC_Peruvian Hake_Pre-assessment report_2010-07 BV 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

Peruvian fishers Agent adjusted their fishing methods Method to catch greater quantities of shrimps Patient after the 1982/83 El Niño Time (Arntz et al., 2006; Barber and Chávez, 1986; Thatje, Heilmayer and Laudien, 2008). [XYZ FAO IRD El Nino impacts fisheries aquaculture 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

For example, closed seasons for the southern anchovy stock implemented in Peru have not been reciprocated by Chilean authorities, leading to complaints by Peruvian fishermen that they were "leaving the anchovies Patient in the water for the Chileans Agent to catch ". [XYZ Arias-Shreiber_sustainability_anchoveta 0 MCLH 18/01/2024 ]

These species are usually consumed, and there is no recreational fishing for non-consumptive use, as the recreational fishers generally eat what Patient they Agent catch . [XYZ FAO_Fisheries management performance 0 MCLH 18/01/2024 ]

However, consumers are unlikely to be aware of these subtleties, and are likely to expect that certified fisheries Agent have minimal bycatch and do not regularly Frequency catch endangered species Patient . [XYZ Christian et al_MSC 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

According to I-CENPAR, carried out in 2012, the fleet that Agent claimed to have caught mahi mahi Patient in the last six months Time was nearly 2 129 boats (PRODUCE, 2015a). 73% of this fleet was equipped with longlines (n = 1 547), and 61% (n = 945) was built between 2006 and 2012. [XYZ WWF mahi_mahi_value_chain 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

The SCA separately required the Secretary of Commerce to identify nations whose vessels are engaged, or have been engaged during the preceding calendar year, in fishing activities or practices on the high seas that Cause target or incidentally Method catch sharks Patient , and where the nation has not adopted a regulatory program for the conservation of sharks, including measures to prohibit removal of any of the fins of a shark (including the tail) and discarding the carcass of the shark at sea, that is comparable to that of the United States, taking into account different conditions. [XYZ NOAA ImprovingIntlFisheriesMgmt 2019 report final 0 MCLH 18/01/2024 ]

In addition, a National Plan of Action was also completed in 2004, in order to implement the recommendations of FAO's International Plan of Action for reducing incidental Method catch of seabirds Patient in longline fisheries Location (FAO IPOA-Seabirds). [XYZ Alder Pauly_biodiversity 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

Identification and Certification Provisions In 2011, NMFS published a final rule establishing procedures to implement the identification and certification provisions of the Moratorium Protection Act for IUU fishing, and for bycatch of protected species and shark Patient catch on the high seas Location without regulatory programs comparable in effectiveness to those of the United States Means . [XYZ NOAA ImprovingIntlFisheriesMgmt 2019 report final 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

Also, the catch of different species Patient may have been assigned to the wrong gear (Watson et al., 2006). [XYZ Alder Pauly_biodiversity 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

For the purposes of this report, SFP defines bycatch as "the catch of non-target Patient , whether retained and sold or discarded" (Lezama-Ochoa et al., 2016). [XYZ SFP report on ETP interactions in FIPs_final 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

Previously, CCAMLR was unable to track the full scope of research fishing, which includes activities involving the catch of hundreds of tons of toothfish Patient in areas where fishing is generally prohibited Location . [XYZ NOAA ImprovingIntlFisheriesMgmt 2019 report final 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

The targeted Method catch of 20,000 swordfish Patient per year Frequency results in bycatch of approximately 100,000 sharks (Campana et al., 2009), 1200 loggerhead (COSEWIC, 2010) and 170 leatherback turtles (COSEWIC, 2001). [XYZ Christian et al_MSC 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

An exception is along Australia's north coast, where enhanced Degree catches of banana prawns (Panaeus merguiensis) Patient in the Gulf of Carpentaria Location occur during high rainfall/river flow in La Niña years. [XYZ FAO IRD El Nino impacts fisheries aquaculture 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

A recent report (Pikitch et al., 2012) recommended cutting catches of forage fish Patient in half in many ecosysems, thereby doubling the minimum biomass of forage fish that must be left in the water. [XYZ Christian et al_MSC 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

Moreover, due to conflicts of interest within many RFMOs, decisions to reduce catches of target stocks Patient are made slowly, scientific advice and ecosystem impacts are often ignored, and even when strong measures are adopted, opt-out provisions can enable major players to ignore the rules [140]. [XYZ Cheung_Sustainability of deep sea fisheries 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

These measures are based upon the modification or adaptation of fishing gears to reduce bycatch whilst not compromising the catch of the target species Patient (Cox et al., 2007; Ward et al., 2008). [XYZ Alfaro_Small_scale_fisheries 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

By 1960, the fin whale Patient catch began to plummet, and whaling pressure was diverted to the even smaller sei whale. [XYZ BERTA_CH15_EXPLandCONS 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

However, the quality of data is highly questionable, particularly for the catch of small cetaceans Patient , with zero catch recorded for countries (e.g., Sri Lanka and the Philippines) known to participate in commercial hunting (Reeves et al., 2003). [XYZ Alder Pauly_biodiversity 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

In the twentieth century, they have been killed by fishermen who have blamed the animals for robbing their Agent catch of fish Patient . [XYZ GALE_ENCYCLOPEDIA 0 MCLH 19/01/2014 ]

There was a heavier burden on men to stay out longer at sea due to lower fish Part catch levels, with greater risks for injury and illness. [XYZ FAO_Sustainable small scale practices 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

Small-scale fisheries contribute around half of global Expanse fish Part catches and employ more than 90 percent of the world's capture fishers and fishworkers, of whom almost half are women (World Bank, 2012). [XYZ FAO_Sustainable small scale practices 0 MCLH 19/01/2024 ]

The composition and geographical distribution of unmanaged ecosystems Patient will change as individual species respond to new conditions Condition . [XYZ ENCY 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

An enhanced greenhouse effect is one possible reason for such a shift, but climate Patient can also change dramatically Degree over the longer term Duration for purely natural reasons Reason . [XYZ 2CANADACCD9801 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

With the best tools available today, projections were made of how the climate Patient could change in the future Time for different scenarios of emissions of greenhouse gases. [XYZ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 DMT 05/11/2012 ]

Scientific observations and research are needed to help us understand how regional climate Patient will change, to improve predictions about shorter-term changes in the local climate, to improve our poor understanding of how ocean chemistry and ecosystems may change and to equip governments and citizens of the world with better knowledge to help them in making decisions about the future. [XYZ AWORLDOFSCIENCE 0 DMT 05/11/2012 ]

Fish distribution Patient will change, with a significant loss in habitat for cold water species and a gain for warm water species. [XYZ CHANG 5CANADAICC 0 DMT 05/11/2012 ]

Migration of ecosystems or biomes as discrete units is unlikely to occur; instead at a given site, species composition and dominance Patient will change. [XYZ GREENFACTS 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

Global warming is the main potential impact of greenhouse gas emissions, but other aspects of the climate besides temperature Patient may also change. [XYZ ENCY 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

Natural ecosystems Patient will change as a result of increasing temperature and atmospheric concentration of CO2 Condition . [XYZ CHANG 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 DMT MCLH 05/11/2012 ]

However, if the rate at which energy enters or leaves the climate system changes, the balance will be upset and global temperatures Patient will change until the system adjusts itself and reaches a new equilibrium End . [XYZ CHANG 5CANADAICC 0 TK DMT 05/11/2012 ]

Will El Niño change as the global climate Patient changes? [XYZ AWORLDOFSCIENCE 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

At particular risk of major biodiversity loss are plants and animals that have limited mobility and occur in reserves on flat and extensive landscapes, areas where rainfall regime may change seasonality (e.g., the southern Cape), where tree/ grass balance are sensitive to CO2 conditions and/or climatic factors, and where fire/other disturbance regime Patient could change. [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

Migration of ecosystems or biomes as discrete units is unlikely to occur; instead at a given site, species composition and dominance Patient will change. [XYZ GREENFACTS 0 TK DMT 05/11/2012 ]

There is evidence from polar ice cores suggesting that atmospheric regimes Patient can change within a few years Duration and that large-scale hemispheric changes can evolve as fast as a few decades. [XYZ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

At the same time, the rate of removal of methane from the atmosphere by natural processes Patient could change . [XYZ CHANG 5CANADAICC 0 TK DMT 30/09/2012 ]

Ocean circulation patterns Patient change, bringing less warm water north and causing an immediate shift in the weather in Northern Europe and eastern North America Result . [XYZ RAPPORTPENTAGONE 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

Some innovative adaptation strategies are being tested as a response to current climate-related challenges (e.g., water banks), but few cases have examined how these strategies could be implemented as regional climates Patient continue to change. [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

Emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols due to human activities Cause change the composition of the atmosphere Patient . [XYZ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

One reason is that the additional warming Cause will change the distribution of heat and thus the flow of energy through the climate system Patient . [XYZ 2CANADACCD9801 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

Studies in Peru and Cuba indicate that increases in temperature and precipitation would Cause change the geographical distribution of infectious diseases such as cholera and meningitis Patient (high confidence). [XYZ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

Human influences Cause will continue to change atmospheric composition Patient throughout the 21st century Time . [XYZ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 MCLH 03/06/2013 ]

Because aerosols influence the formation of clouds, the accumulation of aerosols from aircraft Cause may play a role in enhanced cloud formation and change the radiative properties of clouds Patient . [XYZ 1IPCCAVIATION 0 MCLH 20/12/2012 ]

Key human influences include changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, stratospheric ozone depletion, local air pollution and alterations in land use . Most of these affect the amount of heat energy escaping to space, although some Cause also change the amount of sunlight reflected to space Patient . [XYZ 6CANADAQFP 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

However, slowly degrading permafrost Cause will also change the ground water hydrology Patient in the north Location , changing streamflows and breaking down natural barriers that currently control much of regional drainage patterns. [XYZ 5CANADAICC 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

Climate warming Cause can change the evaporation and precipitation patterns and rates Patient in some areas Location . [XYZ 3CANADAENVIRON 0 MCLH 03/06/2013 ]

The original Milankovitch theory identifies three types of variation in the Earth 's orbit around the Sun which could act as mechanisms Cause to change the global climate Patient . [XYZ ENCY 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

How can our actions Cause significantly Degree change the concentration of atmospheric CO2 Patient ? [XYZ 6CANADAQFP 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

N atural aerosols, which also include sea salt and volcanic dust, are probably 4 to 5 times larger than man-made ones on a global scale, but regional variations in man-made pollution Cause may change this ratio Patient significantly Degree in certain areas Location , particularly in the industrialised Northern Hemisphere. [XYZ ENCY 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

Are We Agent Going to Change the Climate Patient ? [XYZ JACLET 0 MCLH 03/06/2013 ]

Human influences Cause will continue to change atmospheric composition throughout the 21st century. [XYZ GREENFACTS 0 MCLH 20/12/2013 ]

EVs Destination must plug into a power outlet to charge. [XYZ MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

Therefore,on the condition of power battery can not provide more driving range, if we can make battery Destination charge quickly Manner [...] [XYZ ChargeMode 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

These vehicles Destination would have sufficient time to charge between shifts Time and could more flexibly structure their shifts to avoid seeking a charge at peak times. [XYZ according to Taxis 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

In order to avoid stressing the grid, EVs Destination will need to charge intelligently Manner , using off-peak electricity during the night. [XYZ MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

The premise behind the V2G concept is that PEVs Destination will charge during nighttime hours Time . [XYZ PlanforProgress 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

EVs Destination could, for example, charge during off-peak hours Time [...] [XYZ MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

To charge from 10% to 80%, a vehicle with a 35 kWh battery Destination would need to charge for approximately 30 minutes Duration at a 50 kW charger Instrument . [XYZ Taxis 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

Participants also expressed concerns about consumer acceptance of EVs, noting that chargers are expensive and batteries Destination take three to four hours to charge. [XYZ MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

An EV Destination seeking to charge using an inductive charger Method does not need to plug into anything. [XYZ Taxis 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

An EV Destination must be able to charge at any charging station in the US Location , regardless of the vehicle, EVSE, or metering manufacturer and how the utility sets rates for EV charging. [XYZ MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

They Destination [ EVs] will have to charge during peak hours that will stress the grid Time . [XYZ SafetyDesign 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

How long should an EV Destination be allowed to charge at public EVSE before moving on, so that other drivers have a chance to charge? [XYZ MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

In order to optimize usage and not overtax the grid, EVs will need to be “smart” about how and when they Destination charge. [XYZ MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

There are other elements to consider—namely, when the vehicles Destination will seek to charge (the temporal element), and where the vehicles will seek a charge (the geographic element). [XYZ Taxis 0 MCLH 08/08/2014 ]

Using a plug, BEVs/PHEVs Agent can charge the battery Destination using electricity from an electric power grid Method , also referred to as “Grid-to-Vehicle” (G2V) operation. [XYZ medpower 0 MCLH 22/05/2014 ]

Because customers Agent expect to charge their PHEVs Destination from the grid Source after each trip Time , the vehicle needs to operate in a way that will fully deplete the battery during the trip. [XYZ according to SmartConnected 0 MCLH 22/05/2014 ]

Further, rather than requiring drivers Agent to plug into the grid and wait several hours to charge their batteries Destination , battery exchange locations could be as ubiquitous as gas stations [...] [XYZ PHEVgreen 0 MCLH 22/05/2014 ]

However, there has been little research done to characterize which PHEVs consumers buy, and how they Agent drive and charge them Destination . [XYZ Consumers 0 MCLH 22/05/2014 ]

The vehicles Destination are charged while driving on electrified roads Time , and battery powered on the non-electrified roads. [XYZ TrucksBuses 0 MCLH 22/05/2014 ]

Various methods Method can be adopted to safely Manner charge Li-ion batteries Destination . [XYZ IEEEexplore 0 MCLH 22/05/2014 ]

BEVs incorporate a large on-board battery Destination , charged while parked Time via a cord to the power grid Instrument . [XYZ TechnoTrends 0 MCLH 22/05/2014 ]

Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) charging today happens with little knowledge of the state of the vehicle Destination being charged. [XYZ SmartCharging 0 MCLH 22/05/2014 ]

Even if it’s assumed that drivers Agent immediately Time charge upon returning home Time , only about 22% of drivers are expected to arrive home during typical peak hours of 5 and 6 PM. [XYZ MITBenefitsImpacts 0 MCLH 22/05/2014 ]

Clean energy Means and energy efficiency projects will be priorities, as will bringing programs and services closer to the individuals who need them. [XYZ 5CANADAICC 0 MCLH 27/06/2104 ]

It is the duty of policymakers to establish a framework fostering the use of these options, and researchers and scientists have to develop and improve clean resources Means in third countries, provide humanitarian aid and allow refugees in. [XYZ 2EUROPACHANGE 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

However, it is not a particularly " clean" fuel Means , releasing more sulphur dioxide than either oil or gas. [XYZ ENCY 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

Only the HCFCs are also ozone depleting. PFCs and HCFCs were used in the early stages of implementation of the Montreal Protocol but do not provide any advantage over other halocarbon clean agents Means . [XYZ 4IPCCSROCSPMTS 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

Over a period of time, due to rising fuel costs, shortage of fuel and also due to the pressing need to reduce the air pollution, electric hybrid vehicles appear to be a clean and green alternative Means to IC engines. [XYZ BATTERY 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

Québec has a big edge in the fight against climate change given the ready availability of clean, renewable and relatively cheap electricity Means . [XYZ GOUVDUQUEBECSTRATEGY 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

Again, here one should mention the importance of information specifically on the advantages of clean transport fuels Means but also the cost-effectiveness in the long-run. [XYZ CLEANTRANSPORT 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

This would allow the hybrid to operate solely as a battery-electric vehicle for as much as 20-60 miles, thus improving their environmental performance if they are using clean sources of electricity Means . [XYZ HYBRIDCARSANDTRUCKS 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

Shown here is a compliant case combining increased efficiency across sectors [28], clean electricity Means , electrification of heating and vehicles, biofuel deployment and savings from energy conservation. [XYZ CARBONREDUCTION 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

Unlike today’s transportation system—fueled almost exclusively by oil— one based on electricity would enable robust competition between several primary fuel sources, such as solar, wind, clean coal Means , nuclear, and natural gas. [XYZ AUTOMATEDET 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

The electricity sector is also reduced about 80% from current levels due to shifting to clean power supply sources Means . [XYZ CARBONREDUCTION 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

They are not convinced by the argument presented by industrialized countries that the scheme of buying their emission permits will in turn help developing countries develop clean technologies Cause , enabling them to link growth with lower pollution levels. [XYZ JACLET 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

Maximize the deployment of existing clean technologies Cause ; [XYZ 5CANADAICC 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

Other Initiatives The flurry of federal funding for clean energy Cause projects comes on the heels of state action. [XYZ PLANFORPROGRESS 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

Directive 2009/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of Europe of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of clean and energy efficient road transport vehicles, requires entities and certain operators to take into account the power factor, the environmental impact during the whole life of the vehicle, including energy consumption, CO2 and some other pollutant emissions when purchasing road transport vehicles,in order to promote and stimulate the market for energy-efficient, clean vehicles Instrument . [XYZ TROLLEY 0 MCLH 27/06/2014 ]

The average small farmer in Amazonia Agent clears 1 ha of forest Source per year Frequency . [XYZ DEFFUTURE 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Land speculation is often driven by businessmen, officials, and local villagers who Agent seek to claim and clear forest land Source for sale Purpose . [XYZ DEFCAMBODIA 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

One farmer Agent clears only a small area of land Source to practise shifting agriculture Purpose , however, the net impacts of many farmers is very damaging to the natural forests. [XYZ according to DEFHISTORY 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Other work has focussed on working at the level of the ‘agents’ of deforestation under the argument that it is individual soy farmers, cattle ranchers, or small-scale farmers who Agent ultimately make decisions to clear forest Source . [XYZ DEFFUTURE 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Also in the 1990s, industrial soybean farmers Agent had arrived from outside Bolivia and rapidly Manner cleared large areas of forest east of the city Source . [XYZ DEFTROPICAL 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Areas of primary forest that Source are cleared and replaced by timber plantations, or tree crops like oil palm, recover some level of carbon as planted trees grow to maturity although the average carbon stock over time in these systems is generally much lower than in primary forest. [XYZ according to DEFPAPUA 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Any area of forest which has been degraded (by loggers) Source will never regenerate but will be cleared by humans or degrade to non-forest as a result of fire within a few years. [XYZ DEFPAPUA 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Cambodia’s need is not to clear more forests Source for farming Purpose , but rather to intensify agriculture on existing farm lands. [XYZ DEFCAMBODIA 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Madagascar has lost about half of its forest cover since 1953 with much regional variation, for instance most of the coastal lowland forests Source have been cleared. [XYZ DEFBEETLES 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

During 1980–90, over 15 million hectares (ha) of tropical forest Source were cleared annually Frequency , and the rate of deforestation averaged 0.8% per year. [XYZ according to DEFCOUNTRIES 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

No area of land from which Source the forest Patient has been cleared by any force or activity Cause will revert to forest within the foreseeable future. [XYZ DEFPAPUA 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Tall secondary forest was the typical fallow vegetation Patient cleared for cultivation Purpose on 56 % of the land used by local farmers Expanse . [XYZ DEFPAPUA 0 MCLH 17/07/2015 ]

Clear-cutting is often conducted in conjunction with agricultural land Source clearing, and selective logging is difficult to detect with remote sensing based on Landsat data because the canopy is disturbed but generally left intact. [XYZ DEFANIMA 0 MCLH 28/07/2015 ]

Identification of detected forest Source clearings as deforestation is more difficult and confusing if they are small and when they occur in landscapes where there is a mixture of forest, agriculture, urban–suburban, and industrial development. [XYZ DEFCANADA 0 MCLH 28/07/2015 ]

Aside from migrant pressures on forest Source clearing, local communities also require an increasing amount of farmland as children marry and establish independent farms. [XYZ DEFCAMBODIA 0 MCLH 28/07/2015 ]

The long dry seasons of El Niño years facilitate extensive Expanse land Source - clearing with fire Method . [XYZ according to DEFFUTURE 0 MCLH 28/07/2015 ]

In some cases, soldiers Agent are involved in illegal logging, forest Source clearing for agriculture and sales Purpose , while in other situations their presence is part of an effort to establish approved ‘camps’ for national defence. [XYZ DEFCAMBODIA 0 MCLH 28/07/2015 ]

Ranchers Agent are key actors in Amazonian deforestation and are responsible for most of the clearing. [XYZ DEFROLES 0 MCLH 28/07/2015 ]

Any such changes are important for local Location climate change because they could act to reinforce or counteract the effects of external forcings on climate in a particular region. [XYZ WG1AR5LO 0 MCLH 30/03/2014 ]

Joint PDFs for Australian Location climate in future decades Time and an idealized application to wheat crop yield. [XYZ WG1AR5NX 0 MCLH 30/03/2014 ]

Associated with droughts in Indonesia, reduced rainfall over Australia, intensified Indian summer monsoon, floods in East Africa, hot summers over Japan, and anomalous Manner climate in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere Location (Section 14.3.3). [XYZ WG1AR5OT 0 MCLH 30/03/2014 ]

The small island states are extremely vulnerable to global Patient climate change and global sea-level rise. [XYZ 7IPCCREGION 0 MCLH 01/12/2023 ]