RAM is much faster to read from and write to than the other kinds of storage in a computer such as the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM.

RAM holds the programs that your computer is currently running along with the data they are currently manipulating (their variables and data structures).

The word-processing program determines the format that the data is in and, via the operating system, stores it temporarily in RAM.

You can jump instantly to any structure in the file, which provides random access as in an array; and you can change the contents of a structure anywhere in the file at any time.

In this case the list container has it's own sort because the generic sort algorithm only sorts containers which provide random access to the elements inside.

In this example, the instruction tells the operating system to create a file that will allow random access to its data (signified by the 1 -- the other option might be 0 for a serial file), will have a name typed in by the user (%Name)

Windows Event Viewer keeps tabs on everything that happens inside Windows. It's an essential tool for anyone hunting the cause of a seemingly random crash.

The vector and deque containers, other STL containers, do provide random access.

Today’s automated attack tools can vary their patterns and behaviors based on random selection, predefined decision paths, or through direct intruder management.

However, the IDE interface allows only one of the two disks connected to the same cable to be active at a time, and any request to use the second disk will be blocked while data is being read from the first disk.

Unlike a CD-ROM drive, the optical disk drive is able to both read and write to this disk many times.

DVD drives read all the standard CD-ROMs and audio CDs.

Latency refers to the number of clock cycles needed to read a bit of information.

The memory controller anticipates that whatever the CPU is working on will continue to come from this same series of memory addresses, so it reads several consecutive bits of data together.

A UDP port does indeed have a short queue that holds incoming datagrams until the local application using the port has a chance to read and process them.

Modern hard disks may have a stack of up to three data disks or 'platters' and six read/write heads.

Over time, files are scattered in little pieces all over the hard disk, forcing the disk's read/write head to skate back and forth across its surface, looking for data.

A read-write head or simply the head, is a tiny electromagnet suspended by an armature that is precisely positioned above every disk platter.

From a search engine optimization perspective, the perfect webpage has no graphics, no javascript code, no tables; it uses no special plug-ins and contains a lot of normal, readable text.

Using sizeof, however, makes the code much more portable and readable.

Many computer owners and administrators use these services to make their file systems readable and writeable in an effort to improve the convenience of data access.

The uncompressed, digital data-stream from the DSP is processed in real-time by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuit chip, creating an analog signal that you hear in the headphones or through the speakers, depending on which is connected to the sound-card's headphone jack.

E-mail, while great, really doesn't qualify as true, real-time, online communication; great for keeping in touch, but it just isn't really the equivalent of a conversation, and that's the whole idea of teleconferencing.

Real-time protection from malware works identically to real-time antivirus protection: the software scans disk files at download time, and blocks the activity of components known to represent malware.

Your PC should then reboot and begin loading Windows.

Click OK and the system will reboot.

Of course, doing so would disconnect your telnet session, but you could telnet back in once the system has had a chance to reboot.

Once it has been removed, reboot the computer and make sure it works correctly.

The other problem, again with USB, was that my equally old USB web cam (it cost me about $170 four years ago) loaded its driver and then would promptly lock up the laptop. The only way to recover it was to power-off the beast and reboot.

Now reboot the machine and your SmoothWall firewall should be up and running.

Reply:All - Reply to all of the recipients of an address list.

"The recipient retrieves this message via a secure connection, which may also require authentication with credentials delivered by an out-of-band mechanism."

Most common are e-mail worms, which infect a computer, read the address book and send out e-mails without the senders knowledge, infecting the recipients.

If you lose a whole machine to, say, disk failure -- you can recover all the time-consuming configuration files you wrote for it in minutes. Don't be tempted to convert everything to this scheme.

Backing Up - the process of copying your files. This gives you a copy of the files that you can recover from if something happens to the original copy.

In a "globalizing" economy, today's work force is necessarily becoming more mobile with the need to reliably store, access, and recover data from any location.

Backup and recovery services become an absolute requirement.

Backup software will have an automatic recovery feature that will restore the backed up file automatically.

This is a file recovery program for win95,98,ME,XP. Just what you need if you inadvertantly delete an important file.

Flash drives are particularly popular among system and network administrators, who load them with configuration information and software used for system maintenance, troubleshooting, and recovery.

TCP/IP hosts are responsible for end-to-end error checking and recovery, and also make routing decisions since they must choose the appropriate gateway when sending packets.

This question concerns failure recovery in FDDI.

The recycle bin holds files you delete.

These can be restored from the Recycle Bin if they were accidentally deleted.

Don't worry, if you make a mistake, the deleted files will be in the recycle bin, from where, you can restore them if necessary.

Double the cost of JBOD, slow writes, good redundancy Same as OLTP, needs write cache for performance

The ability to efficiently archive detailed historical data, without redundancy, error and data loss, increases the organization's ability to leverage information assets

We will aim to at least achieve a tables setup that is in the so-called third normal form wherein our data are distributed optimally in a certain set of tables with data redundancy and duplication eliminated.

Efficient and accurate data processing relies on the minimizing redundant data and maximizing data integrity.

Windows also has a centralised control panel for removing redundant programs and the files they might have scattered around your hard disk.

When you see a redundant program, left-click on it and press Change/Remove.

Wait several moments or refresh the screen to see the updates that you made from the client.

When a user opens a dormant Search Folder, the view is refreshed and the elapsed time count begins again.

Save it again and then switch to your browser and refresh the document to see the changes.

I'll be discussing a few techniques you can use to improve your code and build a more robust application, together with what happens once you've finished coding the application and are ready to release it to a customer.

Shareware is software developed by individual and small companies that cannot afford to market their software world wide or by a company that wants to release a demonstration version of their commercial product.

Completely free distros Very often, some of these companies release the basic versions of their distros on their Websites for free download.

Until the release of the popular Web browser(a program used to read documents) called "Mosaic" (from the National Center for Supercomputing Applications), accessing online information was something only Computer Scientists and scholars did using text-based terminals.

The date is the year that the processor was first introduced. Many processors are re-introduced at higher clock speeds for many years after the original release date.

Netscape will soon follow with a new major release of Navigator.

Drop by the official Web site at http://www.openssh.org/and get yourself the latest stable release of the software (this tutorial uses OpenSSH 3.5).

You can download this release from http://www.bblog.com/download.php.

However, be sure to read the 3.0 upgrade release notes at: www.debian.org/releases/woody/i386/release-notes/ch-upgrading.en.html

Since you'll probably be using this a lot, create a shortcut on your desktop by dragging this item with your right mouse button to the desktop or quicklaunch bar, release, and select Create Shortcut here.

Try dragging the sample.wpd file into this folder (put the cursor on the file, hold the left mouse button down, move to the white part of the subfolder window, and release the button).

When that folder is highlighted, release the mouse button and a dialog box will open asking wether you wish to move or copy the file.

Most ftp programs will display the contents of the remote computer s directory beside the local computer s directory.

This may allow an attacker to provoke the remote computer to misbehave—often simply to crash, but sometimes to go wrong in a malevolently coordinated way.

Remote systems that can gain or spoof access to a workstation's X11 display can monitor keystrokes that a user enters, download copies of the contents of their windows, etc.

Networks can also be open to remote secure access through a virtual private network.

Many ISP's unwisely, in my opinion, relay on NT architecture for remote access.

This service allows remote users to intercept packet traffic on your machine. This is useful for remote administration, but it is suicidal otherwise.

Use SSH or Webmin if you need to log in to your machine remotely.

The client PC will now be able to activate and use the modem remotely.

When files are accessed remotely, the most restrictive of the two types of ACLs is used.

When a folder entitled New Folder is created, rename it "Download".

To rename a folder or file: Right click the item to be renamed.

When an item is selected (highlighted) a right mouse click will access a quick menu, offering options to cut, copy, paste, delete or rename the item.

When a program wants to read something from a disk, the request is given to the disk interface and another program is allowed to run while the first program waits for data.

In this case, the print server is responsible for receiving requests to print and spooling these jobs to the shared printer from any user sending print jobs to this device.

Connections: Here you can store the information about your Internet Service Provider, configure your LAN settings, or send your browser requests through a proxy server.

Resetting the computer should always be left as the last resort when all else fails.

Typically displayed in italics. (Consultants cannot reset your password unless you call the help line.)

The drop-down menu allows you to set or reset the password. If you've already set a password but think it might be weak, then you should reset it with a better one, using the instructions that follow.

Connect the reset switch. It can be plugged in any way, just make sure you connect it to the right pins.

When sending out RST's, the connection is closed forcefully, and you don't really get an indication of whether the other end understood your reset order, or that it has in fact received all data that you sent to it.

Hit the reset button to be sure it works. Make sure the system disk is still in Drive A

If the processor needs an instruction or data residing in the L2 cache, then it must wait 2 to 4 cycles for the L2 cache to supply that data.

For the less adventurous, some space needs to be created first on the hard disk to let Linux reside along with Windows.

If you have plenty of disk space, you can then check the box to Copy all Setup files from the Setup CD to the hard drive to have the files reside on your hard drive.

As long as Word is loaded, any resident virus will remain resident and active.

This memory resident worm, once active on a system, first attempts to spread itself by creating a sequence of random IP addresses to infect unprotected web servers.

The automation capabilities of shell scripts, when combined with a memory-resident scheduler like cron to run those scripts at regular intervals, will allow you to set up systems that do most of the work for you.

Resolution is affected by a number of factors, including the size of the screen.

Two values, horizontal and vertical, define resolution, and are listed in specification tables as numbers such as 600 x 600 or 800 x 1,200.

Additional memory is required for greater resolution or more color depth.

Processes win in stability, while threads win in context-switch time, resource use, and shared memory.

This is what Microsoft calls a resource leak or memory leak.

After all, most people probably think they know quite as much as they need to about kilobytes or megabytes when they start running out of memory, resources or hard-disk capacity on their PC.

The ability to talk real time with people from anywhere in the world has proven to have a strong effect on people, and yet, IRC can be a wonderful resource for people looking for information.

Fortunately an online resource is available to help you track down the combinations that map to specific colors and there is software available for you to do this on your workstation:

If, for example, you want to access a shared resource over the network and you have read and write directory permission but only has read share permission, then you will be only allowed read access.

The scary red text just tells you that your PC will automatically restart, but it'll be all the better for it.

Make sure you do not press the Ctrl+Alt+Delete key combination more than once, as this will cause your system to restart.

[Computer] It then gives you a message that you're ready to install, that it will take 75 to 90 minutes, and that it will restart 3 times.

Occasionally, you might be asked to restart your PC after the process.

You can change to different runlevels on the fly using the init command followed by the desired runlevel.This can be useful, for example, if you wanted to restart the system remotely.

When you receive notification that you restored a properly working registry, press ENTER to restart your computer.

If you make a mistake you can always go to the recycle bin and restore the file.

To restore one of these previous copies: Start your computer, press and hold CTRL, and then choose Safe Mode Command Prompt Only from the Windows 98 Startup menu.

For this reason, it is a good idea to check the Recycling Bin periodically to make sure there are no files you will need to restore, and then to click on "File" and "Empty Recycling Bin".

The comparisons here are limited to archivable and retrievable public information, exclusive of entertainment and communications content such as chat or e-mail.

The manual specifies (for example) that an FTP retrievable file be referenced like this.

Graphical: Text, images, audio, and video are retrievable through a graphical software program such as Internet Explorer and Netscape.

We use a sub-query which is a self-contained select statement to retrieve data needed by our main query.

However, it offers an easy-to-reach location where you can store and retrieve important data, and the icon is always available in Explorer Windows and on the desktop.

For starters, I need to configure obvious parameters such as the database server, the database name, and so on, so that yaapi can retrieve information from the database that I've just created above.

DVD-RAM discs are the most suitable optical discs for data storage involving much rewriting.

Hard disks write information and read it back again straight away to make sure it's OK. If it isn't, the data is rewritten, and checked again.

You can write and rewrite to a CD-RW disc over 1,000 times.

CD-RW (for compact disc, rewriteable) is a compact disc (CD) format that allows repeated recording on a disc.

Two types of writeable CD are available: write-once CD-Rs and rewriteable CD-RW discs.

Another rewriteable format, DVD-RAM, is available - but it is generally only used by firms that need to archive large amounts of data.

Unfortunatley though, while such an enterprise is to be applauded, some of the applications available will not be as robust as those offered by development houses with the resources to thoroughly test their product.

Free operating systems are often much more robust than their commercial counterparts

Web to meet popular search needs; search engines for more robust surface-level searches; and server-side content-aggregation vertical "infohubs" for deep Web information to provide answers where comprehensiveness and quality are imperative.

He used this idea as a way of introducing a key reason why an enterprise would turn to Open Source-an entire community is available to improve the robustness of a product.

Until Windows NT achieves the robustness, scalability, clustering, 64-bit processing, and multi-user capabilities of UNIX, it will have limited impact on enterprise UNIX servers that currently deliver mission critical information and applications to enterprise desktops.

Although we've included file based data retrieval within the scope of data based Web pages, this article focuses on using databases for data storage and retrieval, because of the robustness and ease of maintenance of databases compared to file based data storage schemes.

ROM stands for read-only memory. A ROM chip is programmed with a permanent collection of pre-set bytes.

Assuming that RAM starts at address 128 in this processor, and ROM (which contains the assembly language program) starts at address 0, then for our simple microprocessor the assembly language might look like this:

On a PC, the ROM is called the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). When the microprocessor starts, it begins executing instructions it finds in the BIOS.

Gateways can also be called routers, since they route packets from one network to another.

The centre of a wireless network is the router - the little box of tricks that connects the networked computers together, either by wires or wirelessly, and provides Internet access to each one.

Access points can be stand-alone by themselves, or integrated into a router or other network device, as shown above.

A lot of times, if it comes on a CD, you simply stick the CD in and it will automatically run the install routine.

To save yourself future headaches, develop a backup routine. I

The routine on the Installation page will install both server and workstation applications.

Although all mirror sites have the same data, routing to a particular site in not handled by IP.

Routing is a more intelligent function than repeating and bridging since it enables greater control of the movement of packets from one interface to another.

Security is the third major control system in internetworking, along with network management systems and routing protocols.

Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois released Mosaic, an easy to use, graphical browser that ran on most standard computers.

Other packages, however, installed and ran without a hitch.

Hummingbird was the first third-party developer to offer a complete X Window System implementation for Microsoft Windows and Windows NT-based workstations, allowing X clients to be developed and run locally on the Windows NT platform.

Do the same for AUTOEXEC.BAT. Run the Install program.

Versions of Internet Explorer that haven't been updated with the latest Microsoft patches are also at risk from a security loophole that allows hackers to load and run viruses on your machine by embedding a command within HTML [Web page code].

And you'll notice you're prompt has changed! Let me explain... export is used in bash to make the variable so that it is carried to other shells you run - if you don't export the variable, and run a program, the program won't know about the variable.

From the first IBM PC up through the first PS/2 computers (introduced in 1987) a computer had one bus and all of its devices and chips ran at the same speed.

Fitting more RAM makes your PC run even faster.

The more programs using RAM, the slower your computer will run.

Or...you can run your computer in Safe Mode.

These OS are Graphic User Interface (GUI) which allows the user to control or run the computer using a Mouse and Icons.

The operating system is that software that is used to directly run the computer.