The KDE desktop will appear familiar to Windows users. It has a background screen with icons representing some folders (such as home, floppy drive and CD-ROM drive), some Website links, and hard disk partitions.

The appearance option is used to set the system colours for items such as desktop background, title bars, menus etc.

Every machine will have Background, Screen Saver, Appearance, and Settings.

A service is a background process running on a system that supports other processes and applications as needed.

Effectively, what this setting does is determine whether or not the foreground application gets more of the processor's time than the background programs.

It works with both POP3 and IMAP mail servers, is highly configurable and has a background learning feature that analyses the contents of current mail folders.

UNIX uses the forward slash ("/") while MSDOS used the backslash ("\"). To change your current directory type "cd /dirname/here".

In bash, the backslash is used to 'escape' a character - keep the shell from processing it.

The backslash before the second "I" or "B" in the examples above signal that the instruction is ending.

If you make a mistake while typing use backspace or delete to erase it.

To move to a previous window: Press the Backspace key.

Use backspace to erase to the left of the cursor and delete to erase to the right of the cursor.

Software options include using hard drives to backup critical data, sharing this data among employees, using one copy of a seldom used software application program (properly licensed for networks, of course) and the software list goes on and on.

Cobian Backup This is a small and simple utility to backup files and directories from one location in your computer to another location in the same computer or to another computer in a network.

You need to backup your PC whenever the data you want to protect changes significantly, which could be once a day or once a month.

You can make a backup of your SmoothWall configuration so that in the event of a crash you can easily restore it.

Additionally, tape backup can slow restoration of data since the correct tapes must be located and loaded before the data can be made available again.

From backup software and safer surfing tips to choosing the best password, Julian Prokaza explains how to secure your PC from hackers and snoopers.

Backups have been a component of computer security from the early days of computers, guarding against the inevitable component failures and the resulting loss of data.

A backup is an insurance policy.

But before we don our white coats and stethoscopes, there's one important point to remember: you'll always lessen the impact of problems such as crashes if you keep regular backups.

Assuming there is adequate CPU and memory compute power available to process queries, the disk array plus the I O channel bandwidth hold the keys to improved performance.

Broadcasts are a type of transmission that network administrators are not particularly fond of because they generate a lot of response and or acknowledgement packets which consume a lot of bandwidth.

Computers and networks need certain things to operate: network bandwidth, memory and disk space, CPU time, data structures, access to other computers and networks, and certain environmental resources such as power, cool air, or even water.

The task bar is located at the bottom of your screen.

To move farther ahead, click on the small black triangle to the right of the Forward arrow in the menu bar at the top of the screen.

Pick Format HTML from the menu bar, but remember some users prefer the plain text format that is Evolution's default setting.

For example, a company may be paying for high-speed backup of low-risk, historical data rather than storing the information in batch mode, which can be accomplished with standard connectivity that is less costly.

If upload_max_filesize was set to 2 MB, a batch upload of 4MB zip file for example would simply be bound to fail.

UUCP and similar systems are batch-oriented systems: everything that they have to do is added to a queue, and then at some specified time, everything in the queue is processed.

BAUD - A term used to refer to the transmission speed of a modem.

Suppose one sent 1000 7-bit characters across an RS-232 connection that operated at 9600 baud.

Type in a message, hit the carriage return on your Commodore 64, and wait while your blazingly fast 1200-baud modem (four times the speed of that lousy old 300!) transmitted.

Now, slide the drive into the bay from the front.

Pick a bay that will fit the drive.

Many laptops use a modular design, allowing a variety of drives to fit in the same bay.

Avoid Beta drivers - pre-release versions that haven't been finalised by manufacturers.

Though the current version is flagged as 'beta' - that is, an early test version - AntiSpyware is well worth installing and, as it is developed and improved by Microsoft, its protective powers will certainly improve with time.

Some do it because, they want to assist authors of their favourite programs as beta testers, others do it because they have the need to find out once and for all the best program or to prove a point, and yet others do it because they enjoy watching the computers battle it out and enjoy playing through the resulting Chess games.

Linux, like every other OS, works with two types of files, binary and text.

Binary files can be programs (like .EXE files on a Windows) Binary files can be data (like graphics files created using a program like Paintbrush)

With 64 binary switches in a row, these chips can generate numbers over 18 million million million.

After your computer successfully posts (and you have everything installed correctly), you'll need to setup the BIOS.

The CMOS is a chip that holds vital data such as the time, date and the PC's 'Basic Input-Ouput System' (BIOS) settings, where such things as the processor's speed are set.

Pressing either the Delete or F2 key after the computer posts lets you access the computer's BIOS.

The bit size of a CPU tells you how many bytes of information it can access from RAM at the same time.

The YUY2 color space is 16 bits per pixel and there are approximately 30 frames per second.

The reason is that the watch lists are linear arrays of bit values, with 1 bit for every available descriptor in the system.

A scanner 'scans' the image from the top to the bottom, one line at a time and transfers it to the computer as a series of bits or a bitmap.

BMP (Bitmap file): A bitmap is a grid of coloured dots (pixels) which combine to make an image.

Windows 95/98 uses this area of memory to store fonts, bitmaps, drop-down menu lists and other on-screen information used by each application.

A blog is a journal or diary that is available on the web.

In other comments posted on his blog, Fogg also notes what anyone with a wireless data plan has noticed: the wireless industry already has more restrictions than any other ISP and exerts plenty of control already about what sites work well over their networks.

A blog is an easy-to-create Web site that allows users to share their thoughts with the world. The word "blog" comes from "Weblog" because a blog consists of a signed and dated log of individual postings.

A blogger posts regularly on his blog, often providing commentary on a wide array of topics such as politics, religion, current events, sports, and art.

Someone who keeps a blog is a "blogger"

A blogger may inject a little bit more analysis into a post than a journalist does in a news article, but when a blogger tracks down sources, does investigative reporting, and presents the facts clearly and fairly, that is journalism, plain and simple.

Updating a blog is called "blogging"

Blogging has undeniably allowed many aspiring journalists to learn the skills necessary to become journalists.

one can start blogging by signing up for an account at one of the many free blogging server providers

Almost all newer motherboards are using the ATX form factor, so if you have an old case lying around, chances are a new board won't fit in it.

AMD builders have a choice between nVidia Geforce 6100/6150 and AMD 690G chipset boards on the mainstream market, while Intel builders will probably be looking at G965 and slightly older 945G chipset-based boards for their Ultimate Budget Boxes.

The Gigabyte GA-P35-DS3R is a solid, basic board with the Intel P35 and ICH9R chips, a PCI-e x16 slot, three PCI-e x1 and three PCI slots, eight SATA ports, gigabit Ethernet, and wonderful overclocking options for those who intend to overclock.

For boldface, the tags look like this : [B]BOLD[/B];The characters "[" and "]";'signal the'Web browser'that an HTML instruction is beginning; the backslash (''/") before the second'I" or "B" ((...)) signal that the instruction is ending.

For example, a word that appears in boldface would be marked in an RTF file using the characters {'b boldface}.

In order to make the addresses more clear, we will put all website addresses in BOLDFACE and enclosed within parenthesis.

To use a bookmark, open either the Bookmark menu, or click on the Hot list and select the site you wish to go to.

Bookmarks are the same as Favorites- it just depends what browser you are using.

Bookmark your results: If you are likely to want to repeat a search at a later date, add a bookmark (or favorite) to your current search results.

When you "bookmark" a site it gets added to a list your browser saves for you.

While clicking around, if you see a site you want to record for later visiting, you can bookmark it.

The first step to insuring a more productive life on the Information Superhighway is picking some resources and bookmarking them.

In C, both if statements and while loops rely on the idea of Boolean expressions.

Boolean logic allows you to specify the relationships among search terms by using any of three logical operators: AND, OR, NOT.

Boolean logic is the term used to describe certain logical operations that are used to combine search terms in many databases.

It doesn't require access to your hard drive, as it boots directly from the disc without posing any risk to your existing Windows installation..

Windows should boot as normal, and run more quickly!

This is why your PC makes a chattering sound whilst it's booting or loading a program.

You can also put them all into a script and run it at boot time to bring your firewall up at boot time (see the sidebar on writing scripts).

If things didn't go according to plan, troubleshoot the system. Walk mentally through the boot process and check all hardware as it goes.

Cold boot - A startup process that begins by turning on the computer's power.

Now you should try booting the computer.

Ideally, people will be able to turn up, boot their PCs and start playing without any messing around with network settings and software.

When you've booted the machine you've built yourself you'll have a great feeling of achievement.

Once the installation is complete and you reboot the system, you will see a boot menu with your different operating systems listed, one of them being the default which it boots to after a set amount of seconds.

However, this is true only if your BIOS does not support logical block addressing (LBA) which superimposes a different addressing scheme that makes it possible for the boot programs to be located even if they are beyond the 1024 cylinder limit.

t's a good idea to first install your AGP card and give your machine a little test boot.

If you created additional partitions on this drive, format those volumes now. Type "format d:" or "format e:", where the letter corresponds to the volume you wish to format. Do not type the "/s" since you only want the C: drive bootable.

Insert CD #1 into the CD-ROM drive and boot the system off of it. In the case of a non-bootable CD-ROM drive you still want to insert CD #1 in the drive but also insert the floppy Boot Disk #1 in the A: drive and boot the system. (You'll be prompted for the floppy Boot Disk #2 during the boot process.)

You must first create a bootable CD-ROM disk. To do this, use CD-writing software, such as Nero or Easy CD Creator, and create a disk from the .iso image file from the SmoothWall directory on the CD-ROM that accompanies this book.

If the initial recipient finds the message undeliverable, that mail server recognizes the forged "Mail From" value as the original sender, and returns or "bounces" the message to that target.

Almost all bounces are processed correctly, so resending to a permanently bounced email address is usually a waste of email credits because it will continue to bounce.

There are many reasons why an e-mail may bounce.

A failed delivery is commonly called a bounce, because the undeliverable message “bounces” back to the sender.

If you opened a bounce report for an email sent within the past 90 days, you can view the contacts in each bounce category.

A “soft” bounce is typically due to a transient problem—the recipient’s mailbox is full, for example, or the recipient mail server is too busy.

Since a bounce may contain a copy of the worm itself, it may contribute to its diffusion.

Some bounces can take a little time to process, so complete details are typically available in three to four days.

This is not really a bounce; it is information we received when the ISP delivered the email to your contact.

Thus, a bridge can connect a token-passing ring network to a bus network as long as there is a 1-to-1 mapping between addresses and the maximum frame size is the same.

Bridges connect two or more network segments, increasing the network diameter as a repeater does, but bridges also help regulate traffic.

A bridge is a communication device that connects two or more networks regardless of their individual configuration.

The configuration must be specifically set to bridge IP and ARP.

Thus, one could bridge CDDI and FDDI, but could not bridge Ethernet and FDDI.

Bridges evolved to not only bridge between two different protocols but to provide another option to hubs and repeaters for extending the size of an Ethernet network domain.

Bridging is a forwarding technique used in packet-switched computer networks.

Bridging is not supported over X.25 interfaces.

Bridging, on the other hand, functions by moving packets from one interface to the other but in a more sophisticated way, allowing only those packets not destined for one side to be passed on to the other side.

Also, broadband connections such as ADSL and cable are 'always on', so when you're not using your computer, turn it off.

In fact, that's what makes it possible to mutliplex mutliple Ethernets over a broadband network -- each Ethernet signal can be used to modulate one particular high-frequency carrier of the broadband system.

A router network allows multiple PCs to share a broadband Internet connection.

The PC that's connected to the printer needs to be configured in the same way as the Jamesons' in Case Study 1, and everyone else needs to browse the network and install it using the Printer wizard.

If you have been using the Internet for any length of time, and especially if you work at a larger company and browse the Web while you are at work, you have probably heard the term firewall used.

"General purpose" means that you can do many different things with a PC. You can use it to type documents, send e-mail, browse the Internet and play games.

A browser is a software program that allows users to access and navigate the World Wide Web.

You should view the following screen in your browser.

So your browser (Internet Explorer, Netscape, Opera, etc.) uses the hard disk to store HTML pages, putting them into a special folder on your disk.

Browsing the Web thus becomes a way for students to consider possible graduate programs or for faculty members to find out what their colleagues around the world are researching or teaching.

If you are a home computer user browsing the Internet, your Internet browser uses TCP/IP to send a request packet to a server in the world wide web.

Internet Explorer also makes it difficult for users to clear their computers of data traces from their browsing sessions.

Managing input and output is largely a matter of managing queues and buffers, special storage facilities that take a stream of bits from a device, perhaps a keyboard or a serial port, hold those bits, and release them to the CPU at a rate slow enough for the CPU to cope with.

TCP then extracts data from the buffer, and transmits it to TCP on the receiving computer.

The 16550 UART has been standard on PCs for the last five years or so, and has a 16-byte buffer. This buffer stores data temporarily while your system is off doing something else (as in a multitasking environment).

A bug in library code produces a bug in every program which uses that library.

A bug, also known as an execution (or run - time) error, occurs when the program compiles fine and runs, but then does not produce the output you planned on it producing.

Even if the upgrade does not increase strength but merely fixes a bad bug that causes the program crash, some still feel that the upgrade shouldn't be applied since they feel that the bug is part of the program and should be evaluated as such.

Everex Systems' mainstream Step Premier midtower machine has average performance, a pedestrian sound system, and a somewhat meager software bundle.

Both units come with a large bundle of software, including Lotus SmartSuite 97, the 1997 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, and McAfee VirusScan.

The Step Premier also came with a bundle of Microsoft entertainment and productivity software, including Microsoft Encarta 97 and Works.

With each system, Micron bundles one of its Software Solution Paks.

Early in 2002, I upgraded to SuSE 7.3 Professional and am quite happy with their offering. At the time, SuSE seemed to bundle more applications than Red Hat 7.2 for roughly the same price, around $70.

We required our managed Windows endpoints to auto-install Juniper's UAC Agent, a persistent program that bundles an 802.1X Supplicant and TNC Client with proprietary extras: a personal firewall, IPsec VPN client, and Windows single-sign-on support.

If possible, burn all this data along with a copy of your website to a DVD, CD, or copy to a portable hard drive device or backup system.

You could download the distribution from the Website, burn it on to a CD and install Linux.

For them, being able to burn a DVD would probably be nice, but anything beyond that is an extra.

The address bus tells the ROM chip which byte to get and place on the data bus.

So a'faster'bus is not one where the electrons move faster, but rather one in which the time between meaningful events (the'clock speed') is faster.

A data bus (that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that can send data to memory or receive data from memory

When the right mouse button is click over an object on the screen or area of the screen, a specific menu with commands related to that object will be displayed. Click the left mouse button on the command to choose it.

When the Desktop symbol is highlighted, release the button.

Again, you can hold the left mouse button down in the bar at the top of this window to "drag and drop" it to a new location, if you wish.

Pressing this button will advance to the next message in your message window.

Like an electronic card catalog in a library, these programs allow the historian to enter a keyword and click on a button to begin the search.

Most modern email programs place a button on the Toolbar usually in the shape of a paper clip that you can click.

Microsoft has made some of these things easier by including them in W2K by default.

By default, when the folder is created, it will be named "New Folder".

If you're using a major, packaged distribution, it's likely that only a few of these services will have been enabled by default.

To increase efficiency and decrease network traffic, TCP typically waits, if possible, until it has a relatively large amount of data to send before sending the packet, even if the application is generating data 1 byte at a time.

The bit size of a CPU tells you how many bytes of information it can access from RAM at the same time.

RAM contains bytes of information, and the microprocessor can read or write to those bytes depending on whether the RD or WR line is signaled.